Rhodium (Rh)
transition-metalSolid
Peso atomico standard
102,9055 uConfigurazione elettronica
[Kr] 5s1 4d8Punto di fusione
1963,85 °CPunto di ebollizione
3694,85 °CDensità
1,24e+4 kg/m³Stati di ossidazione
−3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7Elettronegatività (Pauling)
2,28Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
7,4589 eVAnno della scoperta
1803Raggio atomico
135 pmDettagli
Rhodium is a very rare platinum-group transition metal. It is chemically noble, hard, highly reflective, and most often encountered in nature alloyed with platinum, palladium, and other platinum-group elements. Its industrial importance is dominated by catalysis, especially control of nitrogen oxides in automotive exhaust. Rhodium also forms stable coordination compounds, commonly with Rh(I) and Rh(III), that are important in homogeneous catalysis and organometallic chemistry.
The metal is silvery white and at red heat slowly changes in air to the resquioxide. At higher temperatures it converts back to the element. Rhodium has a higher melting point and lower density than platinum. It is highly reflective, hard, and durable.
The name derives from the Greek rhodon for rose because of the rose color of dilute solutions of its salts. It was discovered by the English chemist and physicist William Hyde Wollaston in 1803 in a crude platinum ore.
Rhodium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 shortly after his discovery of the element palladium. He obtained rhodium from a sample of platinum ore that was obtained from South America. After removing the platinum and palladium from the sample, he was left with a dark red powder. The powder turned out to be sodium rhodium chloride (Na3RhCl6·12H2O). Wollaston obtained rhodium from the powder by treating it with hydrogen gas (H2). Rhodium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum and is primarily obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining platinum. Rhodium is also obtained as a byproduct of the nickel mining operation in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada.
From the Greek word rhodon, rose. Wollaston discovered rhodium between 1803 and 1804 in crude platinum ore he presumably obtained from South America.
Pure rhodium is a silvery-white metal with a bright metallic luster. It is solid, hard, and corrosion-resistant under ordinary conditions, and it retains a high reflectance. Massive metal and electroplated coatings have a similar white appearance, although thin deposits depend on surface preparation.
The largest use of rhodium is in three-way catalytic converters, where it promotes reduction of nitrogen oxides in gasoline-engine exhaust. It is also used as a durable, bright electroplated coating on jewelry, optical parts, and electrical contacts. Rhodium-platinum alloys are used in high-temperature equipment such as thermocouple wires and some glass-fiber production components. Soluble rhodium complexes are valuable catalysts in selected industrial and laboratory reactions, including hydroformylation and hydrogenation.
Rhodium is used to make electrical contacts, as jewelry and in catalytic converters, but is most frequently used as an alloying agent in other materials, such as platinum and palladium. These alloys are used to make such things as furnace coils, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs and laboratory crucibles.
Rhodium's primary use is as an alloying agent to harden platinum and palladium. Such alloys are used for furnace windings, thermocoupling elements, bushings for glass fiber production, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory crucibles. It is useful as an electrical contact material as it has a low electrical resistance, a low and stable contact resistance, and is highly resistant to corrosion. Plated rhodium, produced by electroplating or evaporation, is exceptionally hard and is used for optical instruments. Rhodium is also used for jewelry, for decoration, and as a catalyst.
Isotopes in Medicine
The beta particles of 105Rh (with a half-life of about 35 h) are used in target radiotherapy to kill cancer cells or cause cancer cell sterilization [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003).. The gamma rays from 105Rh enable in vivo tracking during radiotherapy [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003).. 105Rh has been used in the treatment of bone pain (Fig. IUPAC.45.1) [334] A. R. Ketring, G. J. Ehrhardt, M. F. Embree, T. T. Tyler, J. A. Gawenis, S. S. Jurisson, H. P. Engelbrecht, C. J. Smith, C. S. Cutler. Alasbimn J.5 (19), (2003)., [337] Trace Sciences International Inc. Ruthenium Isotopes, Trace Sciences International Inc (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.tracesciences.com/ru.htm..
Ocular brachytherapy currently is performed using 125I (with a half-life of about 59 days) or 106Rh (with a half-life of about 30 s) seeds [338] A. P. Mourão, T. P. R. D. Campos. Radiol. Bras.42, 43 (2009).. Brachytherapy can allow a good spatial dose distribution over the ocular tumor with lower radiation on adjacent tissues. In the case of irradiation of the eyeball with 106Rh, 80 percent of the dose has been absorbed within a depth of 5.2 mm and 90 percent has been absorbed within 7.2 mm (Fig. IUPAC.45.2). This limits the application of 106Rh; however, when 106Rh can be used, the radiation dose can be lower, which is preferred.
Rhodium chemistry is strongly influenced by its noble-metal character and by coordination bonding. The most common oxidation states are +1 and +3, although other states occur in specialized compounds. Rhodium(III) chloride, RhCl₃, is a widely used precursor to coordination complexes and catalysts. Rhodium(III) oxide, Rh₂O₃, is a stable oxide under suitable conditions. Rh(I) complexes such as chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I), RhCl(PPh₃)₃, illustrate the element’s importance in homogeneous catalysis. Carbonyl and organometallic complexes are central to many of its reactions.
See more information at the Rhodium compound page.
Bulk rhodium metal is generally resistant to corrosion and is not highly reactive, but dusts and finely divided powders can present inhalation and fire hazards typical of metal particulates. Soluble rhodium salts and organometallic compounds should be treated as toxic or potentially sensitizing unless specifically characterized. Rhodium compounds used as catalysts may be hazardous because of their ligands, solvents, or decomposition products. Natural rhodium has one stable isotope, so radioactivity is not an intrinsic hazard of the element.
Exposure to rhodium (metal fume and dust, as Rh) should not exceed 1 mg/m^3 (8-hour time-weighted average, 40-hour week).
Rhodium occurs naturally at very low concentrations, mainly in ultramafic and mafic ore systems associated with other platinum-group elements and nickel-copper sulfides. In surface environments it is relatively immobile because the metal is noble and many compounds are sparingly soluble. Human releases come chiefly from mining, refining, catalyst manufacture, and abrasion or loss from catalytic converters. Its biological role is not known, and environmental concentrations are usually very low.
Rhodium is produced almost entirely as a by-product of platinum, palladium, nickel, and copper mining. It is not mined as a primary metal in ordinary commercial practice, so supply responds slowly to price signals and depends on ore grade, refining capacity, and platinum-group-metal operations. Demand is concentrated in emission-control catalysts, making substitution difficult where rhodium’s nitrogen oxide reduction performance is required. Recycling from spent automotive catalysts is a major secondary source and helps moderate the scarcity of primary supply.
Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons.
Rhodium is a heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from supernovae and neutron-rich stellar events. It is cosmically rare compared with iron and the lighter rock-forming elements. In planetary materials it is siderophile and chalcophile, so it tends to partition into metal or sulfide phases rather than common silicate minerals.
- Natural rhodium consists essentially of the single stable isotope ¹⁰³Rh.
- Rhodium is usually recovered only after complex separation of several similar platinum-group metals.
- A thin rhodium plate can make silver-colored jewelry more reflective and more resistant to tarnish.
- Rhodium catalysts are valued because small chemical changes around the metal can strongly alter selectivity.
- Its name comes from the rose-colored salts observed during its discovery.
Immagini
Proprietà
Fisiche
- Raggio atomico (empirico)
- 135 pm Confronta Raggio atomico (empirico) di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio covalente
- 142 pm Confronta Raggio covalente di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio di van der Waals
- 195 pm Confronta Raggio di van der Waals di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio metallico
- 125 pm Confronta Raggio metallico di tutti gli elementi →
- Densità
- 1,24 × 104 kg/m³ Confronta Densità di tutti gli elementi →
- Volume molare
- 0,0083 L/mol
- Fase in condizioni STP
- Solido Confronta Fase in condizioni STP di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di fusione
- 1963,85 °C Confronta Punto di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di ebollizione
- 3694,85 °C Confronta Punto di ebollizione di tutti gli elementi →
- Conducibilità termica
- 150 W/(m·K) Confronta Conducibilità termica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica specifica
- 0,243 J/(g·K) Confronta Capacità termica specifica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica molare
- 24,98 J/(mol·K) Confronta Capacità termica molare di tutti gli elementi →
- Struttura cristallina
- Cubica a facce centrate Confronta Struttura cristallina di tutti gli elementi →
Chimiche
- Elettronegatività (Pauling)
- 2,28 Confronta Elettronegatività (Pauling) di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettronegatività (Allen)
- 1,56
- Affinità elettronica
- 1,137 eV
- Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
- 7,4589 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (1ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (2ª)
- 18,080062 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (2ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (3ª)
- 31,060107 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (3ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (4ª)
- 42,000145 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (4ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (5ª)
- 63,000217 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (5ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Stati di ossidazione
- −3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 Confronta Stati di ossidazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettroni di valenza
- 9 Confronta Elettroni di valenza di tutti gli elementi →
- Configurazione elettronica
- [Kr] 5s1 4d8
Termodinamiche
- Calore di fusione
- 0,22490543 eV Confronta Calore di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di vaporizzazione
- 5,119967 eV Confronta Calore di vaporizzazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di sublimazione
- 5,762554 eV
- Calore di atomizzazione
- 5,762554 eV
- Entalpia di atomizzazione
- 5,762554 eV
Nucleari
- Protoni
- 45 Confronta Protoni di tutti gli elementi →
- Neutroni
- 58 Confronta Neutroni di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi noti
- 41 Confronta Isotopi noti di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi stabili
- 1 Confronta Isotopi stabili di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopo più stabile
- Rh-103
- Anno della scoperta
- 1803
Abbondanza
- Abbondanza (crosta terrestre)
- 0,001 mg/kg Confronta Abbondanza (crosta terrestre) di tutti gli elementi →
Struttura cristallina
- Costante reticolare a
- 380 pm
Struttura elettronica
- Elettroni per guscio
- 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 Confronta Elettroni per guscio di tutti gli elementi →
Identificativi
- Numero CAS
- 7440-16-6 Confronta Numero CAS di tutti gli elementi →
- Simbolo di termine
- 4F9/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Rh
- Chiave InChI
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configurazione elettronica Misurato
Rh: 4d⁸ 5s¹[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d⁸ 5s¹Modello atomico
Gli isotopi modificano il numero di neutroni, la massa e la stabilità — non la configurazione elettronica di un atomo neutro.
Modello atomico schematico, non in scala.
Impronta atomica
Spettro di emissione / assorbimento
Distribuzione isotopica
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita |
|---|---|---|---|
| 103 Stabile | 102,905498 ± 0,0000026 | 100,0000% | Stabile |
Fase / Stato
Motivo: 1938,8 °C sotto il punto di fusione (1963,85 °C)
Schema non in scala
Punti di transizione di fase
Energie di transizione
Energia necessaria per fondere 1 mol al punto di fusione
Energia necessaria per vaporizzare 1 mol al punto di ebollizione
Energia necessaria per sublimare 1 mol al punto di sublimazione
Densità
In condizioni standard
In condizioni standard
Spettri atomici
Sono visualizzati 10 di 45. Ordinamento per carica ionica crescente.
Righe disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Righe totali | Probabilità di transizione | Designazioni dei livelli |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rh I | 0 | 468 | 111 | 443 |
| Rh II | +1 | 34 | 0 | 31 |
| Rh III | +2 | 73 | 0 | 0 |
Livelli disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Livelli |
|---|---|---|
| Rh I | 0 | 138 |
| Rh II | +1 | 126 |
| Rh III | +2 | 196 |
| Rh IV | +3 | 2 |
| Rh V | +4 | 2 |
| Rh VI | +5 | 2 |
| Rh VII | +6 | 2 |
| Rh VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Rh IX | +8 | 2 |
| Rh X | +9 | 2 |
Raggi ionici
| Carica | Coordinazione | Spin | Raggio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | N/D | 66.5 pm |
| +4 | 6 | N/D | 60 pm |
| +5 | 6 | N/D | 55.00000000000001 pm |
Composti
Isotopi (1)
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita | Modalità di decadimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 103 Stabile | 102,905498 ± 0,0000026 | 100,0000% | Stabile | stable |
Righe spettrali
Sono visualizzati 50 di 186. Per impostazione predefinita sono mostrate soltanto le righe spettrali con intensità misurata.
| Lunghezza d'onda (nm) | Intensità | Stadio di ionizzazione | Tipo | Transizione | Accuratezza | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 385.6513 nm | 5900 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 437.4809 nm | 4200 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 382.226 nm | 3800 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 395.8856 nm | 3800 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 421.1133 nm | 3300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 382.8478 nm | 2300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 413.5275 nm | 2100 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 383.3884 nm | 2000 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 393.4224 nm | 2000 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 412.8886 nm | 1500 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 380.6759 nm | 1300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 381.8186 nm | 1300 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 412.1683 nm | 1100 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 428.8702 nm | 820 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 380.592 nm | 760 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 8* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 381.6474 nm | 760 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 394.271 nm | 590 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 408.278 nm | 560 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 387.0018 nm | 490 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 12* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 381.5021 nm | 470 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 13* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 387.7346 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 397.5313 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 399.6149 nm | 380 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 2P → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 419.6496 nm | 330 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 392.2195 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 398.4393 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 399.5602 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 415.4343 nm | 240 | Rh I | emission | 4d7.5s2 b 4F → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 559.9419 nm | 160 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.5022 nm | 150 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 409.7508 nm | 140 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3P).5p z 4P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 456.8993 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 535.4428 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5p z 2G* → 16 | Misurata | NIST | |
| 598.3575 nm | 130 | Rh I | emission | 4d7.5s2 b 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 391.3508 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 402.3139 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 411.9679 nm | 120 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 381.2462 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p z 2S* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 395.8233 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 2P → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 437.9911 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 2D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 519.313 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5p z 4G* → 2 | Misurata | NIST | |
| 539.0433 nm | 95 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 387.239 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 388.8331 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(1D).5p y 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 407.758 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 411.6329 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 420.6613 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d9 a 2D → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 429.6763 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d8.(3P).5p y 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 474.5116 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 509.064 nm | 70 | Rh I | emission | 4d8.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d8.(3F).5p z 4D* | Misurata | NIST |
Proprietà estese
Raggi covalenti (dati estesi)
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 125 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame doppio)
- 110 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame triplo)
- 106 pm
Raggi di van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 244 pm
- UFF
- 292,9 pm
- MM3
- 234 pm
Raggi atomici e metallici
- Raggio atomico (Rahm)
- 233 pm
- Raggio metallico (C12)
- 134 pm
Scale di numerazione
- Mendeleev
- 64
- Pettifor
- 66
- Glawe
- 63
Scale di elettronegatività
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Polarizzabilità e dispersione
- Polarizzabilità dipolare
- 66 a.u.
- Polarizzabilità dipolare (inc.)
- 10 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 708 Ha·Bohr6
Affinità chimica
- Affinità protonica
- 768 kJ/mol
- Basicità in fase gassosa
- 745,4 kJ/mol
Parametri di Miedema
- Volume molare di Miedema
- 8,3 cm3/mol
- Densità elettronica di Miedema
- 5
Rischio di approvvigionamento ed economia
- Concentrazione della produzione
- 60
- Rischio relativo di approvvigionamento
- 8
- Distribuzione delle riserve
- 95
- Stabilità politica (principale produttore)
- 44
- Stabilità politica (principale detentore di riserve)
- 44
Transizioni di fase e allotropi
| Punto di fusione | 2236,15 K |
| Punto di ebollizione | 3968,15 K |
Categorie degli stati di ossidazione
Dati di riferimento avanzati
Costanti di schermaggio (10)
| n | Orbitale | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,9244 |
| 2 | p | 4,0596 |
| 2 | s | 11,8454 |
| 3 | d | 14,595 |
| 3 | p | 16,8456 |
| 3 | s | 16,5615 |
| 4 | d | 31,5576 |
| 4 | p | 27,8604 |
| 4 | s | 26,4184 |
| 5 | s | 38,3605 |
Dettaglio dei raggi cristallini (3)
| Carica | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 80,5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VI | 74 | from r^3 vs V plots, from metallic oxides, | |
| 5 | VI | 69 |
Modalità di decadimento degli isotopi (72)
| Isotopo | Modalità | Intensità |
|---|---|---|
| 88 | B+ | — |
| 89 | B+ | — |
| 89 | B+p | — |
| 89 | p | — |
| 90 | B+ | 100% |
| 90 | B+p | 0,7% |
| 91 | B+ | 100% |
| 91 | B+p | 1,3% |
| 92 | B+ | 100% |
| 92 | B+p | 2% |
Fattori di diffusione dei raggi X (508)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1,17537 |
| 10,1617 | — | 1,24044 |
| 10,3261 | — | 1,30912 |
| 10,4931 | — | 1,3816 |
| 10,6628 | — | 1,4581 |
| 10,8353 | — | 1,53883 |
| 11,0106 | — | 1,62403 |
| 11,1886 | — | 1,71394 |
| 11,3696 | — | 1,80884 |
| 11,5535 | — | 1,90899 |
Dati aggiuntivi
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
Riferimenti (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Riferimenti (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Rhodium occurs natively with other platinum metals in river sands of the Urals and in North and South America. It is also found with other platinum metals in the copper-nickel sulfide area of the Sudbury, Ontario region. Although the quantity occurring there is very small, the large tonnages of nickel processed make the recovery commercially feasible. The annual world production of rhodium is only 7 or 8 tons.
Riferimenti (1)
- [6] Rhodium https://periodic.lanl.gov/45.shtml
Riferimenti
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Rhodium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.