Yttrium (Y)
transition-metalSolid
Peso atomico standard
88,90584 uConfigurazione elettronica
[Kr] 5s2 4d1Punto di fusione
1521,85 °CPunto di ebollizione
3344,85 °CDensità
4470 kg/m³Stati di ossidazione
0, +1, +2, +3Elettronegatività (Pauling)
1,22Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
6,21726 eVAnno della scoperta
1794Raggio atomico
180 pmDettagli
Yttrium is a silvery transition metal grouped with the rare-earth elements because it commonly occurs with lanthanides and forms predominantly trivalent cations. Its chemistry is close to the heavier lanthanides, especially holmium and erbium, rather than to scandium. Although not itself a lanthanide, yttrium is a key component of phosphors, ceramics, lasers, and high-temperature oxide materials.
Yttrium has a silver-metallic luster and is relatively stable in air. Turnings of the metal, however, ignite in air if their temperature exceeds 400°C. Finely divided yttrium is very unstable in air.
The name derives from the Swedish village of Ytterby where the mineral gadolinite was found. In 1794, the Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin discovered yttrium in the mineral ytterbite, which was later renamed gadolinite for Gadolin. Gadolin originally called the element ytterbium after ytterbite. The name was subsequently shortened to yttrium, and later another element was given the name ytterbium.
Yttrium was discovered by Johan Gadolin, a Finnish chemist, while analyzing the composition of the mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10) in 1789. Gadolinite, which was named for Johan Gadolin, was discovered several years earlier in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden. Today, yttrium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.
Namded after Ytterby, a village in Sweden near Vauxholm. Yttria earth containing yttrium was discovered by Gadolin in 1794. Ytterby is the site of a quarry which yielded many unusual minerals containing rare earths and other elements. This small town, near Stockholm, bears the honor of giving names to erbium, terbium, and ytterbium as well as yttrium.
In 1843 Mosander showed that yttira could be resolved into the oxides (or earths) of three elements. The name yttria was reserved for the most basic one; the others were named erbia and terbia.
Pure yttrium is a soft, silvery-white metal with a metallic luster. It is reasonably stable in dry air at room temperature because a thin oxide film forms, but finely divided metal is more reactive and can ignite when heated.
Yttrium is used mainly through its compounds and oxide ceramics. Yttrium oxide, Y₂O₃, is a host and stabilizer in red phosphors, optical ceramics, and refractory materials. Yttrium aluminum garnet, Y₃Al₅O₁₂, is the host crystal for Nd:YAG lasers. Yttria-stabilized zirconia is used in oxygen sensors, thermal-barrier coatings, and solid oxide fuel cells. Small additions of yttrium improve oxidation resistance and grain behavior in some alloys.
Although metallic yttrium is not widely used, several of its compounds are. Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) and yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) are both combined with europium to produce the red phosphor used in color televisions. Garnets made from yttrium and iron (Y3Fe5O12) are used as microwave filters in microwave communications equipment. Garnets made from yttrium and aluminum (Y3Al5O12) are used in jewelry as simulated diamond.
Yttrium oxide is one of the most important compounds of yttrium and accounts for the largest use. It is widely used in making YVO4 europium, and Y2O3 europium phosphors to give the red color in color television tubes. Hundreds of thousands of pounds are now used in this application.
Yttrium oxide also is used to produce yttrium-iron-garnets, which are very effective microwave filters.
Yttrium iron, aluminum, and gadolinium garnets, with formulas such as Y3Fe5O12 and Y3Al5O12, have interesting magnetic properties. Yttrium iron garnet is also exceptionally efficient as both a transmitter and transducer of acoustic energy. Yttrium aluminum garnet, with a hardness of 8.5, is also finding use as a gemstone (simulated diamond).
Small amounts of yttrium (0.1 to 0.2%) can be used to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium, and to increase strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys.
Alloys with other useful properties can be obtained by using yttrium as an additive. The metal can be used as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals. The metal has a low cross section for nuclear capture. 90Y, one of the isotopes of yttrium, exists in equilibrium with its parent 90Sr, a product of nuclear explosions. Yttrium has been considered for use as a nodulizer for producing nodular cast iron, in which the graphite forms compact nodules instead of the usual flakes. Such iron has increased ductility.
Yttrium also can be used in laser systems and as a catalyst for ethylene polymerization reactions.
It also has potential use in ceramic and glass formulas, as the oxide has a high melting point and imparts shock resistance and low expansion characteristics to glass.
Isotopes in Medicine
Carbon nanotubes (CNT), which are nano-scaled carbon tubes, are being examined in nanobiotechnology research studies because it has been discovered that CNTs labeled with 86Y (with a half-life of 0.6 day) are soluble when they are injected into mice. This discovery was made after mice were given an intravenous or intraperitoneal (directly into a body cavity) injection with the 86Y CNT and then were examined using positron emission tomography (PET) scans to observe whether the 86Y had been flushed from their systems. The PET scan determined that accumulation of 86Y occurred in the liver, kidney, and spleen with very rapid blood clearance. This has broad implications for developing drug treatments [303] M. R. McDevitt, D. Chattopadhyay, J. S. Jaggi, R. D. Finn, P. B. Zanzonico, C. Villa, D. Rey, J. Mendenhall, C. A. Batt, J. T. Njardarson, D. A. Scheinberg. PLoS One2, e907 (2007).. Radiomicrosphere therapy (RT) that uses 90Y (with a half-life of 64 h) microspheres is a proven therapy that helps treat hepatic (liver) cancer (Fig. IUPAC.39.1) [304] C. D. South, M. M. Meyer, G. Meis, E. Y. Kim, F. B. Thomas, A. A. Rikabi, H. Khabiri, M. Bloomston. World J. Surg. Oncol.6, 93 (2008).. 90Y is also used in radiosynovectomy to reduce joint pain [305] E. ‐C. Rodríguez‐Merchán, L. A. Valentino (Eds.), Current and Future Issues in Hemophilia Care, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2011)..
Yttrium most often occurs in the +3 oxidation state, forming colorless or white salts because Y³⁺ has no f electrons. Yttrium oxide, Y₂O₃, is basic and refractory, and yttrium fluoride, YF₃, is a stable, sparingly soluble fluoride. Yttrium chloride, YCl₃, and yttrium nitrate, Y(NO₃)₃, are common soluble laboratory precursors. Mixed oxides such as yttrium barium copper oxide, YBa₂Cu₃O₇−δ, are important in superconductivity, with properties strongly dependent on oxygen content.
See more information at the Yttrium compound page.
Massive yttrium metal has low acute toxicity, but metal dust is a fire hazard and can irritate the lungs or skin. Soluble yttrium salts can be harmful if inhaled or ingested in significant amounts, and insoluble dusts require ordinary industrial dust control. Radioisotope ⁹⁰Y is a strong beta emitter used medically; its hazard is isotope-specific and mainly radiological, not a property of stable natural yttrium.
Yttrium is dispersed in the crust and is usually associated with rare-earth minerals rather than concentrated in its own ores. It is relatively immobile under neutral to alkaline conditions because Y³⁺ hydrolyzes and binds to oxides, phosphates, and organic matter. Weathering can concentrate yttrium with heavy rare earths in ion-adsorption clays and lateritic deposits. No essential biological role is known.
Yttrium is produced as part of rare-earth mining and separation, not as an independent primary metal commodity. Important sources include xenotime, monazite, bastnäsite fractions, and heavy-rare-earth-rich ion-adsorption clays. Separation is difficult because yttrium tracks the heavy lanthanides chemically, so solvent extraction and ion-exchange processes are central to supply. Demand is tied to phosphors, ceramics, lasers, and stabilized zirconia, with substitution possible in some phosphor applications but harder in structural ceramic uses. Recycling is limited and mostly associated with specialized phosphor and electronic waste streams.
Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content.
It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques.
Yttrium is a trace element in the cosmos, made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar environments. In the Solar System it is far less abundant than iron-group elements but more abundant than many neighboring heavy elements. Its single stable isotope, ⁸⁹Y, makes extraterrestrial yttrium isotopically simple compared with many rare earths.
- Yttrium has only one stable isotope, ⁸⁹Y.
- It was named from Ytterby, the Swedish village linked to several rare-earth discoveries.
- Y³⁺ is diamagnetic, unlike many neighboring lanthanide ions.
- Yttrium is often counted with the heavy rare earths in mining and trade.
- Nd:YAG laser crystals contain yttrium in the host lattice, not as the lasing ion.
- Yttria-stabilized zirconia conducts oxide ions at high temperature.
Immagini
Proprietà
Fisiche
- Raggio atomico (empirico)
- 180 pm Confronta Raggio atomico (empirico) di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio covalente
- 190 pm Confronta Raggio covalente di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio di van der Waals
- 219 pm Confronta Raggio di van der Waals di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio metallico
- 162 pm Confronta Raggio metallico di tutti gli elementi →
- Densità
- 4470 kg/m³ Confronta Densità di tutti gli elementi →
- Volume molare
- 0,0198 L/mol
- Fase in condizioni STP
- Solido Confronta Fase in condizioni STP di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di fusione
- 1521,85 °C Confronta Punto di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di ebollizione
- 3344,85 °C Confronta Punto di ebollizione di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica specifica
- 0,298 J/(g·K) Confronta Capacità termica specifica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica molare
- 26,53 J/(mol·K) Confronta Capacità termica molare di tutti gli elementi →
- Struttura cristallina
- Esagonale compatta Confronta Struttura cristallina di tutti gli elementi →
Chimiche
- Elettronegatività (Pauling)
- 1,22 Confronta Elettronegatività (Pauling) di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettronegatività (Allen)
- 1,12
- Affinità elettronica
- 0,307 eV
- Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
- 6,21726 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (1ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (2ª)
- 12,223642 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (2ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (3ª)
- 20,524481 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (3ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (4ª)
- 60,607409 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (4ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (5ª)
- 75,350259 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (5ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Stati di ossidazione
- 0, +1, +2, +3 Confronta Stati di ossidazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettroni di valenza
- 3 Confronta Elettroni di valenza di tutti gli elementi →
- Configurazione elettronica
- [Kr] 5s2 4d1
Termodinamiche
- Calore di fusione
- 0,11836037 eV Confronta Calore di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di vaporizzazione
- 3,762243 eV Confronta Calore di vaporizzazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di sublimazione
- 4,394465 eV
- Calore di atomizzazione
- 4,394465 eV
- Entalpia di atomizzazione
- 4,40172 eV
Nucleari
- Protoni
- 39 Confronta Protoni di tutti gli elementi →
- Neutroni
- 50 Confronta Neutroni di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi noti
- 35 Confronta Isotopi noti di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi stabili
- 1 Confronta Isotopi stabili di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopo più stabile
- Y-89
- Anno della scoperta
- 1794
Abbondanza
- Abbondanza (crosta terrestre)
- 33 mg/kg Confronta Abbondanza (crosta terrestre) di tutti gli elementi →
- Abbondanza (oceano)
- 1,3 × 10−5 mg/L Confronta Abbondanza (oceano) di tutti gli elementi →
Struttura cristallina
- Costante reticolare a
- 365 pm
Struttura elettronica
- Elettroni per guscio
- 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 Confronta Elettroni per guscio di tutti gli elementi →
Identificativi
- Numero CAS
- 7440-65-5 Confronta Numero CAS di tutti gli elementi →
- Simbolo di termine
- 2D3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Y
- Chiave InChI
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configurazione elettronica Misurato
Y: 4d¹ 5s²[Kr] 4d¹ 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹ 5s²Modello atomico
Gli isotopi modificano il numero di neutroni, la massa e la stabilità — non la configurazione elettronica di un atomo neutro.
Modello atomico schematico, non in scala.
Impronta atomica
Spettro di emissione / assorbimento
Distribuzione isotopica
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita |
|---|---|---|---|
| 89 Stabile | 88,9058403 ± 0,0000024 | 100,0000% | Stabile |
Fase / Stato
Motivo: 1496,8 °C sotto il punto di fusione (1521,85 °C)
Schema non in scala
Punti di transizione di fase
Energie di transizione
Energia necessaria per fondere 1 mol al punto di fusione
Energia necessaria per vaporizzare 1 mol al punto di ebollizione
Energia necessaria per sublimare 1 mol al punto di sublimazione
Densità
In condizioni standard
In condizioni standard
Spettri atomici
Sono visualizzati 10 di 39. Ordinamento per carica ionica crescente.
Righe disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Righe totali | Probabilità di transizione | Designazioni dei livelli |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Y I | 0 | 361 | 189 | 351 |
| Y II | +1 | 116 | 66 | 116 |
| Y III | +2 | 113 | 0 | 0 |
| Y IV | +3 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
| Y V | +4 | 632 | 632 | 632 |
| Y VII | +6 | 168 | 168 | 168 |
| Y VIII | +7 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
Livelli disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Livelli |
|---|---|---|
| Y I | 0 | 194 |
| Y II | +1 | 249 |
| Y III | +2 | 51 |
| Y IV | +3 | 130 |
| Y V | +4 | 114 |
| Y VI | +5 | 2 |
| Y VII | +6 | 57 |
| Y VIII | +7 | 33 |
| Y IX | +8 | 2 |
| Y X | +9 | 2 |
Raggi ionici
| Carica | Coordinazione | Spin | Raggio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | N/D | 90 pm |
| +3 | 7 | N/D | 96 pm |
| +3 | 8 | N/D | 101.89999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 9 | N/D | 107.5 pm |
Composti
Isotopi (1)
Natural yttrium contains one isotope, 89Y. Nineteen other unstable isotopes have been characterized.
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita | Modalità di decadimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 89 Stabile | 88,9058403 ± 0,0000024 | 100,0000% | Stabile | stable |
Righe spettrali
Sono visualizzati 50 di 266. Per impostazione predefinita sono mostrate soltanto le righe spettrali con intensità misurata.
| Lunghezza d'onda (nm) | Intensità | Stadio di ionizzazione | Tipo | Transizione | Accuratezza | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 410.23691 nm | 9900 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 407.735998 nm | 9400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 412.829876 nm | 8900 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 414.28358 nm | 7500 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 404.76281 nm | 2400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 416.750671 nm | 2400 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 423.5934 nm | 2200 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 408.37033 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 417.41339 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p y 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 464.368813 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.48486 nm | 2000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 619.17183 nm | 1200 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 643.50036 nm | 1000 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 403.982219 nm | 940 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(1D).5p y 2D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 452.72342 nm | 890 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 483.9861 nm | 770 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 552.75472 nm | 740 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 546.6464 nm | 710 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 558.18694 nm | 620 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 563.01301 nm | 560 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 4G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 484.56655 nm | 550 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 450.59441 nm | 500 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 452.77815 nm | 440 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 476.09753 nm | 410 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 485.26766 nm | 410 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 485.98428 nm | 330 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 425.11994 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).5d e 4G | Misurata | NIST | |
| 448.74634 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 550.3466 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 622.25784 nm | 300 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 2D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 543.82242 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 546.62434 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).6s e 4D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 679.37029 nm | 190 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 524.08001 nm | 181 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d2.(1G).5p z 2H* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 447.69471 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p x 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 469.67994 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d2.(1D).5p w 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 479.92999 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 513.51993 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1G).5s a 2G → 4d2.(1G).5p z 2H* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 557.74153 nm | 180 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3F).5p z 2G* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 447.57178 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 472.8516 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.6s e 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 478.68762 nm | 170 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3P).5s a 4P → 4d2.(3P).5p x 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 421.77985 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.(2D).5d e 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 447.74436 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 4F → 4d2.(3F).5p y 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 475.2787 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(3F).5s a 2F → 4d2.(3P).5p x 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 570.67133 nm | 160 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* → 4d.5s.(3D).6s e 4D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 492.18769 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 5s2.5p z 2P* → 5s2.6s e 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 613.84349 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 668.75669 nm | 150 | Y I | emission | 4d.5s2 a 2D → 4d.5s.(3D).5p z 4F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 465.37837 nm | 140 | Y I | emission | 4d2.(1D).5s b 2D → 4d2.(3P).5p y 4P* | Misurata | NIST |
Proprietà estese
Raggi covalenti (dati estesi)
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 163 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame doppio)
- 130 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame triplo)
- 124 pm
Raggi di van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 240 pm
- Alvarez
- 275 pm
- UFF
- 334,5 pm
- MM3
- 271 pm
Raggi atomici e metallici
- Raggio atomico (Rahm)
- 274 pm
- Raggio metallico (C12)
- 180 pm
Scale di numerazione
- Mendeleev
- 12
- Pettifor
- 19
- Glawe
- 21
Scale di elettronegatività
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Polarizzabilità e dispersione
- Polarizzabilità dipolare
- 162 a.u.
- Polarizzabilità dipolare (inc.)
- 12 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2600 Ha·Bohr6
Affinità chimica
- Affinità protonica
- 967 kJ/mol
- Basicità in fase gassosa
- 945,9 kJ/mol
Parametri di Miedema
- Volume molare di Miedema
- 19,9 cm3/mol
- Densità elettronica di Miedema
- 2
Rischio di approvvigionamento ed economia
- Concentrazione della produzione
- 97
- Rischio relativo di approvvigionamento
- 10
- Distribuzione delle riserve
- 50
- Stabilità politica (principale produttore)
- 24
- Stabilità politica (principale detentore di riserve)
- 24
Transizioni di fase e allotropi
| Punto di fusione | 1795,15 K |
| Punto di ebollizione | 3618,15 K |
Categorie degli stati di ossidazione
Dati di riferimento avanzati
Costanti di schermaggio (10)
| n | Orbitale | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,8244 |
| 2 | p | 3,9968 |
| 2 | s | 10,3778 |
| 3 | d | 13,6029 |
| 3 | p | 15,9075 |
| 3 | s | 15,4485 |
| 4 | d | 23,0416 |
| 4 | p | 26,2544 |
| 4 | s | 24,7364 |
| 5 | s | 32,744 |
Dettaglio dei raggi cristallini (4)
| Carica | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 104 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VII | 110 | ||
| 3 | VIII | 115,9 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 121,5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
Modalità di decadimento degli isotopi (60)
| Isotopo | Modalità | Intensità |
|---|---|---|
| 75 | B+ | — |
| 75 | B+p | — |
| 75 | p | — |
| 76 | B+ | — |
| 76 | p | — |
| 76 | B+p | — |
| 77 | B+ | 100% |
| 77 | B+p | — |
| 77 | p | — |
| 78 | B+ | 100% |
Fattori di diffusione dei raggi X (619)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2,26036 |
| 10,1617 | — | 2,25621 |
| 10,3261 | — | 2,25207 |
| 10,4931 | — | 2,24793 |
| 10,6628 | — | 2,2438 |
| 10,8353 | — | 2,23968 |
| 11,0105 | — | 2,23344 |
| 11,1886 | — | 2,21122 |
| 11,3696 | — | 2,18921 |
| 11,5535 | — | 2,16742 |
Dati aggiuntivi
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.3×101 milligrams per kilogram
Riferimenti (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.3×10-5 milligrams per liter
Riferimenti (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Yttrium occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Analysis of lunar rock samples obtained during the Apollo missions show a relatively high yttrium content.
It is recovered commercially from monazite sand, which contains about 3%, and from bastnasite, which contains about 0.2%. Wohler obtained the impure element in 1828 by reduction of the anhydrous chloride with potassium. The metal is now produced commercially by reduction of the fluoride with calcium metal. It can also be prepared by other techniques.
Riferimenti (1)
- [6] Yttrium https://periodic.lanl.gov/39.shtml
Riferimenti
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Yttrium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.