Rubidium (Rb)
alkali-metalSolid
Peso atomico standard
85,4678 uConfigurazione elettronica
[Kr] 5s1Punto di fusione
39,31 °CPunto di ebollizione
687,85 °CDensità
1530 kg/m³Stati di ossidazione
−1, +1Elettronegatività (Pauling)
0,82Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
4,177128 eVAnno della scoperta
1861Raggio atomico
235 pmDettagli
Rubidium is a soft alkali metal of group 1, chemically close to potassium and cesium. Natural rubidium is a mixture dominated by stable ⁸⁵Rb with radioactive ⁸⁷Rb, whose very long half-life makes it important in geochronology. The element is not mined as a principal metal; it is obtained from minerals and brines where it substitutes for potassium. Its low ionization energy and convenient atomic transitions make rubidium useful in precision physics.
Rubidium can be liquid at room temperature. It is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group and is the second most electropositive and alkaline element. It ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently in water, setting fire to the liberated hydrogen. As with other alkali metals, it forms amalgams with mercury and it alloys with gold, cesium, sodium, and potassium. It colors a flame yellowish violet. Rubidium metal can be prepared by reducing rubidium chloride with calcium, and by a number of other methods. It must be kept under a dry mineral oil or in a vacuum or inert atmosphere.
The name derives from the Latin rubidus for "deepest red" because of the two deep red lines in its spectra. Rubidium was discovered in the mineral lepidolite by the German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and the German physicist Gustav-Robert Kirchoff in 1861. Bunsen isolated rubidium in 1863.
Rubidium was discovered by the German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff in 1861 while analyzing samples of the mineral lepidolite (KLi2Al(Al, Si)3O10(F, OH)2) with a device called a spectroscope. The sample produced a set of deep red spectral lines they had never seen before. Bunsen was eventually able to isolate samples of rubidium metal. Today, most rubidium is obtained as a byproduct of refining lithium.
From the Latin word rubidus, deepest red. Discovered in 1861 by Bunsen and Kirchoff in the mineral lepidolite by use of the spectroscope.
Pure rubidium is a very soft, silvery-white metal that quickly tarnishes in air. It melts just above ordinary room temperature and can be cut easily when protected from moisture and oxygen. Samples are kept under inert gas, vacuum, or dry mineral oil.
Rubidium has specialized rather than bulk uses. Rubidium vapor cells are used in atomic clocks, frequency standards, magnetometers, and some laser-cooling experiments, often using ⁸⁷Rb because its hyperfine transition is convenient. Rubidium compounds have been used in photocathodes, research electronics, and laboratory studies of ion transport. ⁸⁷Rb to ⁸⁷Sr decay underlies rubidium–strontium dating of minerals and rocks. There is no large structural or metallurgical use for the metal.
Rubidium is used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes. It is also used in the manufacture of photocells and in special glasses. Since it is easily ionized, it might be used as a propellant in ion engines on spacecraft. Recent discoveries of large deposits of rubidium suggest that its usefulness will increase as its properties become better understood.
Rubidium forms a large number of compounds, although none of them has any significant commercial application. Some of the common rubidium compounds are: rubidium chloride (RbCl), rubidium monoxide (Rb2O) and rubidium copper sulfate Rb2SO4·CuSO4·6H20). A compound of rubidium, silver and iodine, RbAg4I5, has interesting electrical characteristics and might be useful in thin film batteries.
Because rubidium can be easily ionized, it has been considered for use in "ion engines" for space vehicles; however, cesium is somewhat more efficient for this purpose. It is also proposed for use as a working fluid for vapor turbines and for use in a thermoelectric generator using the magnetohydrodynamic principle where rubidium ions are formed by heat at high temperature and passed through a magnetic field. These conduct electricity and act like an amature of a generator thereby generating an electric current. Rubidium is used as a getter in vacuum tubes and as a photocell component. It has been used in making special glasses. RbAg4I5 is important, as it has the highest room conductivity of any known ionic crystal. At 20°C its conductivity is about the same as dilute sulfuric acid. This suggests use in thin film batteries and other applications.
Isotopes in Biology
Due to biological similarities between rubidium and potassium, the radionuclide 86Rb (with a half-life of 18.7 days) is used as a tracer in biological or medical investigations for applications where the half-life of the radioactive-tracer 42K (half-life of 0.5 day) is too short [110] AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students. Chemistry Tutorial: Summary of Radioactive Particles, Isotopes, Properties and Uses, AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ausetute.com.au/nuclesum.html.. 86Rb (with a half-life of 18.7 days) has been used measure the metabolism in small vertebrates (Fig. IUPAC.37.1), such as dunnarts (furry, narrow-footed marsupials about the size of a mouse) [291] S. Tomlinson, S. K. Maloney, P. C. Withers, C. C. Voigt, A. P. Cruz-Neto. Methods Ecol. Evol.4, 619 (2013).. The advantage of this technique over the standard doubly labelled water method, using water enriched in 2H and 18O, include lower equipment requirements, lower technical expertise, and longer time spans over which measurements can be made. This technique could be very useful for measuring the metabolism of amphibians and insects.
Isotopes in Geochronology
87Rb (with a half-life of 4.97×1010 years) is a long-lived radioisotope that is transformed into 87Sr by emission of a beta-minus particle (an electron) and an antineutrino. From the abundance of 87Sr and the Rb/Sr amount ratio in a rock, its age of crystallization can be calculated. Rb/Sr dating is one of the most widely employed techniques for dating geological samples [292] M. A. Geyh, H. Schleicher. Absolute Age Determination: Physical and Chemical Dating Methods and Their Application, p. 503, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1990)..
Isotopes in Medicine
82Rb (with a half-life of 75 s) acts similarly to potassium and is used for imaging of the heart to better assess heart muscle function as a radioactive analog to potassium [293] J. vom Dahl, O. Muzik, E. R. Wolfe, C. Allman, G. Hutchins, M. Schwaiger. Circulation93, 238 (1996)., [294] K. L. Gould, K. Yoshida, M. J. Hess, M. Haynie, N. Mullani, R. W. Smalling. J. Nucl. Med.32, 1 (1991).. 82Rb is being considered as an alternative to highly-enriched uranium for producing medically important radioisotopes [293] J. vom Dahl, O. Muzik, E. R. Wolfe, C. Allman, G. Hutchins, M. Schwaiger. Circulation93, 238 (1996)..
Rubidium almost always forms the +1 oxidation state as Rb⁺. Its common salts resemble those of potassium and cesium, including rubidium chloride (RbCl), rubidium bromide (RbBr), rubidium nitrate (RbNO₃), and rubidium carbonate (Rb₂CO₃). The oxide chemistry is sensitive to oxygen conditions; rubidium can form rubidium oxide (Rb₂O), rubidium peroxide (Rb₂O₂), and rubidium superoxide (RbO₂). Rubidium hydroxide (RbOH) is a strong, highly caustic base. Complex salts and alum-type compounds are known, but lower oxidation states are not normal chemistry for the element.
See more information at the Rubidium compound page.
Metallic rubidium is highly reactive and can ignite or explode on contact with water because hydrogen gas, H₂, and rubidium hydroxide (RbOH) are produced with heat. It also reacts rapidly with air and should be handled only under dry inert conditions. Soluble rubidium salts can affect biological ion balance because Rb⁺ partly mimics K⁺, though rubidium is not an essential nutrient. Natural ⁸⁷Rb is weakly radioactive, but its specific activity is low compared with many regulated radionuclides.
Rubidium occurs dispersed in the crust, chiefly substituting for potassium in feldspars, micas, and evaporite or brine systems. It is mobile as Rb⁺ in water but is also adsorbed or fixed by clays and potassium-bearing minerals. Plants can take up rubidium because of its similarity to potassium, yet it has no established essential biological function. Environmental releases are normally small and associated with mineral processing, laboratory use, or weathering.
Rubidium supply is small and specialized. It is usually recovered as a by-product from lithium and cesium-bearing minerals such as lepidolite and pollucite, or from selected brines, rather than from ores mined solely for rubidium. Production involves separation from abundant potassium and chemically similar cesium, which limits availability and keeps costs high for high-purity material. Demand is driven mainly by atomic-clock, research, and specialty chemical markets. Recycling is limited, though sealed vapor-cell devices contain only small amounts.
The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from the brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba.
Rubidium is a trace element in the cosmos. Its isotopes are made mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars, with contributions from both slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a moderately incompatible lithophile element and follows potassium during rock differentiation. The ⁸⁷Rb–⁸⁷Sr system is widely used to study the ages and source histories of terrestrial and meteoritic materials.
- Rubidium was discovered spectroscopically from deep red emission lines, which inspired its name.
- A sealed rubidium vapor cell can serve as the frequency reference in a compact atomic clock.
- Natural rubidium contains enough ⁸⁷Rb for geologic dating despite its very long half-life.
- Rubidium metal may be liquid in a warm room because its melting point is only about 39 °C.
- Rubidium ions can enter some potassium channels, making rubidium useful as a tracer in physiology research.
Immagini
Proprietà
Fisiche
- Raggio atomico (empirico)
- 235 pm Confronta Raggio atomico (empirico) di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio covalente
- 220 pm Confronta Raggio covalente di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio di van der Waals
- 303 pm Confronta Raggio di van der Waals di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio metallico
- 216 pm Confronta Raggio metallico di tutti gli elementi →
- Densità
- 1530 kg/m³ Confronta Densità di tutti gli elementi →
- Volume molare
- 0,0559 L/mol
- Fase in condizioni STP
- Solido Confronta Fase in condizioni STP di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di fusione
- 39,31 °C Confronta Punto di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di ebollizione
- 687,85 °C Confronta Punto di ebollizione di tutti gli elementi →
- Conducibilità termica
- 58,2 W/(m·K) Confronta Conducibilità termica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica specifica
- 0,363 J/(g·K) Confronta Capacità termica specifica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica molare
- 31,06 J/(mol·K) Confronta Capacità termica molare di tutti gli elementi →
- Struttura cristallina
- Cubica a corpo centrato Confronta Struttura cristallina di tutti gli elementi →
Chimiche
- Elettronegatività (Pauling)
- 0,82 Confronta Elettronegatività (Pauling) di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettronegatività (Allen)
- 0,706
- Affinità elettronica
- 0,4859 eV
- Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
- 4,177128 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (1ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (2ª)
- 27,289634 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (2ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (3ª)
- 39,247135 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (3ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (4ª)
- 52,20018 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (4ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (5ª)
- 68,440236 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (5ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Stati di ossidazione
- −1, +1 Confronta Stati di ossidazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettroni di valenza
- 1 Confronta Elettroni di valenza di tutti gli elementi →
- Configurazione elettronica
- [Kr] 5s1
Termodinamiche
- Punto triplo (temperatura)
- 39,26 °C
- Punto critico (temperatura)
- 1820 °C
- Punto critico (pressione)
- 1,6e+7 Pa
- Calore di fusione
- 0,02269783 eV Confronta Calore di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di vaporizzazione
- 0,71513707 eV Confronta Calore di vaporizzazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di sublimazione
- 0,84987304 eV
- Calore di atomizzazione
- 0,84987304 eV
- Entalpia di atomizzazione
- 0,8384723 eV
Nucleari
- Protoni
- 37 Confronta Protoni di tutti gli elementi →
- Neutroni
- 48 Confronta Neutroni di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi noti
- 34 Confronta Isotopi noti di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi stabili
- 1 Confronta Isotopi stabili di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopo più stabile
- Rb-85
- Anno della scoperta
- 1861
Abbondanza
- Abbondanza (crosta terrestre)
- 90 mg/kg Confronta Abbondanza (crosta terrestre) di tutti gli elementi →
- Abbondanza (oceano)
- 0,12 mg/L Confronta Abbondanza (oceano) di tutti gli elementi →
Struttura cristallina
- Costante reticolare a
- 559 pm
Struttura elettronica
- Elettroni per guscio
- 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 Confronta Elettroni per guscio di tutti gli elementi →
Identificativi
- Numero CAS
- 7440-17-7 Confronta Numero CAS di tutti gli elementi →
- Simbolo di termine
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Rb
- Chiave InChI
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configurazione elettronica Misurato
Rb: 5s¹[Kr] 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 5s¹Modello atomico
Gli isotopi modificano il numero di neutroni, la massa e la stabilità — non la configurazione elettronica di un atomo neutro.
Modello atomico schematico, non in scala.
Impronta atomica
Spettro di emissione / assorbimento
Distribuzione isotopica
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita |
|---|---|---|---|
| 85 Stabile | 84,9117897379 ± 0,0000000054 | 72,1700% | Stabile |
Fase / Stato
Motivo: 14,3 °C sotto il punto di fusione (39,31 °C)
Schema non in scala
Punti di transizione di fase
Energie di transizione
Energia necessaria per fondere 1 mol al punto di fusione
Energia necessaria per vaporizzare 1 mol al punto di ebollizione
Energia necessaria per sublimare 1 mol al punto di sublimazione
Densità
In condizioni standard
In condizioni standard
Avanzate
Spettri atomici
Sono visualizzati 10 di 37. Ordinamento per carica ionica crescente.
Righe disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Righe totali | Probabilità di transizione | Designazioni dei livelli |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rb I | 0 | 213 | 40 | 213 |
| Rb II | +1 | 699 | 49 | 602 |
| Rb III | +2 | 232 | 0 | 230 |
| Rb IV | +3 | 573 | 0 | 573 |
| Rb V | +4 | 34 | 13 | 34 |
| Rb VI | +5 | 34 | 32 | 34 |
| Rb VII | +6 | 26 | 10 | 26 |
| Rb VIII | +7 | 34 | 26 | 34 |
| Rb IX | +8 | 40 | 17 | 40 |
| Rb X | +9 | 64 | 29 | 64 |
Livelli disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Livelli |
|---|---|---|
| Rb I | 0 | 240 |
| Rb II | +1 | 166 |
| Rb III | +2 | 92 |
| Rb IV | +3 | 131 |
| Rb V | +4 | 21 |
| Rb VI | +5 | 20 |
| Rb VII | +6 | 21 |
| Rb VIII | +7 | 25 |
| Rb IX | +8 | 37 |
| Rb X | +9 | 41 |
Raggi ionici
| Carica | Coordinazione | Spin | Raggio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 6 | N/D | 152 pm |
| +1 | 7 | N/D | 156 pm |
| +1 | 8 | N/D | 161 pm |
| +1 | 9 | N/D | 163 pm |
| +1 | 10 | N/D | 166 pm |
| +1 | 11 | N/D | 169 pm |
| +1 | 12 | N/D | 172 pm |
| +1 | 14 | N/D | 183 pm |
Composti
Isotopi (1)
Twenty four isotopes of rubidium are known. Naturally occurring rubidium is made of two isotopes, 85Rb and 87Rb. Rubidium-87 is present to the extent of 27.85% in natural rubidium and is a beta emitter with a half-life of 4.9 x 1010 years. Ordinary rubidium is sufficiently radioactive to expose a photographic film in about 30 to 60 days. Rubidium forms four oxides: Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2O3, Rb2O4.
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita | Modalità di decadimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 85 Stabile | 84,9117897379 ± 0,0000000054 | 72,1700% ± 0,0200% | Stabile | stable |
Righe spettrali
Sono visualizzati 50 di 202. Per impostazione predefinita sono mostrate soltanto le righe spettrali con intensità misurata.
| Lunghezza d'onda (nm) | Intensità | Stadio di ionizzazione | Tipo | Transizione | Accuratezza | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 424.439 nm | 90000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 477.5954 nm | 30000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 394.051 nm | 25000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 457.1765 nm | 20000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 427.3141 nm | 15000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 464.8557 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 515.2081 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 645.833 nm | 10000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 552.2776 nm | 5000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.0799 nm | 5000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 419.3079 nm | 3500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 453.0333 nm | 3000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 380.1896 nm | 2500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 437.7123 nm | 2500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 402.9485 nm | 1700 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 429.3971 nm | 1500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 382.66591 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[3/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 420.18053 nm | 1000 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5s 2S → 4p6.6p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 434.6961 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 446.9475 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).6s 2[1/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 473.0454 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[1/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 475.5304 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 655.5619 nm | 1000 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 451.90262 nm | 700 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 392.22011 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 421.5539 nm | 500 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5s 2S → 4p6.6p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 426.6584 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 465.9284 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 551.2542 nm | 500 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 386.07454 nm | 450 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 454.0732 nm | 400 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 444.00924 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[5/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 516.4575 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5s 2[1/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 626.94 nm | 300 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6g 2[11/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 390.7292 nm | 250 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 542.244 nm | 250 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 1P* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527.0514 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[1/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6s 2[3/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 573.9645 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[7/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[9/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 613.5268 nm | 200 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[7/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 383.78512 nm | 175 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[1/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 740.8171 nm | 150 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.7s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 550.0635 nm | 100 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6p 2[5/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).7d 2[7/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 627.5697 nm | 100 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).4f 2[9/2] → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6g 2[11/2]* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 451.9884 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6f 2[7/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 459.989 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[5/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).6f 2[7/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 543.1528 nm | 75 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.8d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 589.308 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5d 2[7/2]* → 4p5.(2P*<3/2>).5f 2[9/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 607.0751 nm | 75 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.8s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 614.0319 nm | 75 | Rb II | emission | 4p5.4d 3F* → 4p5.(2P*<1/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Misurata | NIST | |
| 572.4125 nm | 60 | Rb I | emission | 4p6.5p 2P* → 4p6.7d 2D | Misurata | NIST |
Proprietà estese
Raggi covalenti (dati estesi)
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 210 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame doppio)
- 202 pm
- Raggio covalente (Bragg)
- 225 pm
Raggi di van der Waals
- Truhlar
- 303 pm
- Batsanov
- 290 pm
- Alvarez
- 321 pm
- UFF
- 411,4 pm
- MM3
- 325 pm
Raggi atomici e metallici
- Raggio atomico (Rahm)
- 240 pm
- Raggio metallico (C12)
- 248 pm
Scale di numerazione
- Mendeleev
- 4
- Pettifor
- 9
- Glawe
- 9
Scale di elettronegatività
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 2
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 2
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 1
Polarizzabilità e dispersione
- Polarizzabilità dipolare
- 319,8 a.u.
- Polarizzabilità dipolare (inc.)
- 0,3 a.u.
- C₆
- 4769 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 4660 Ha·Bohr6
Parametri di Miedema
- Volume molare di Miedema
- 56,07 cm3/mol
- Densità elettronica di Miedema
- 0
Transizioni di fase e allotropi
| Punto di fusione | 312,45 K |
| Punto di ebollizione | 961,15 K |
| Punto critico (temperatura) | 2093,15 K |
| Punto critico (pressione) | 16 MPa |
| Punto triplo (temperatura) | 312,41 K |
Categorie degli stati di ossidazione
Dati di riferimento avanzati
Costanti di schermaggio (9)
| n | Orbitale | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,7922 |
| 2 | p | 3,9612 |
| 2 | s | 9,8432 |
| 3 | d | 15,3208 |
| 3 | p | 15,6967 |
| 3 | s | 15,1573 |
| 4 | p | 26,1192 |
| 4 | s | 24,612 |
| 5 | s | 32,0155 |
Dettaglio dei raggi cristallini (8)
| Carica | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | VI | 166 | ||
| 1 | VII | 170 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 175 | ||
| 1 | IX | 177 | estimated, | |
| 1 | X | 180 | ||
| 1 | XI | 183 | ||
| 1 | XII | 186 | ||
| 1 | XIV | 197 |
Modalità di decadimento degli isotopi (61)
| Isotopo | Modalità | Intensità |
|---|---|---|
| 71 | p | — |
| 72 | p | — |
| 73 | B+ | — |
| 73 | p | 100% |
| 74 | B+ | 100% |
| 74 | B+p | — |
| 75 | B+ | 100% |
| 76 | B+ | 100% |
| 76 | B+A | 3,8% |
| 77 | B+ | 100% |
Fattori di diffusione dei raggi X (508)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0,06968 |
| 10,1617 | — | 0,07104 |
| 10,3261 | — | 0,07253 |
| 10,4931 | — | 0,07441 |
| 10,6628 | — | 0,07635 |
| 10,8353 | — | 0,07833 |
| 11,0106 | — | 0,08037 |
| 11,1886 | — | 0,083 |
| 11,3696 | — | 0,08599 |
| 11,5535 | — | 0,0891 |
Dati aggiuntivi
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
9.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
Riferimenti (1)
- [5] Rubidium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele037.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.2×10-1 milligrams per liter
Riferimenti (1)
- [5] Rubidium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele037.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
The element is much more abundant than was thought several years ago. It is now considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium occurs in pollucite, leucite, and zinnwaldite, which contains traces up to 1%, in the form of the oxide. It is found in lepidolite to the extent of about 1.5%, and is recovered commercially from this source. Potassium minerals, such as those found at Searles Lake, California, and potassium chloride recovered from the brines in Michigan also contain the element and are commercial sources. It is also found along with cesium in the extensive deposits of pollucite at Bernic Lake, Manitoba.
Riferimenti (1)
- [6] Rubidium https://periodic.lanl.gov/37.shtml
Riferimenti
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Rubidium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.