Lithium (Li)
alkali-metalSolid
Peso atomico standard
6,94 u [6,938, 6,997]Configurazione elettronica
[He] 2s1Punto di fusione
180,5 °CPunto di ebollizione
1341,85 °CDensità
534 kg/m³Stati di ossidazione
+1Elettronegatività (Pauling)
0,98Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
5,391715 eVAnno della scoperta
1817Raggio atomico
145 pmDettagli
Lithium is the lightest metal and the first alkali metal. It forms Li⁺ very readily, yet its small ion gives lithium chemistry a distinctive hardness, strong hydration, and extensive organometallic chemistry. In nature it occurs only in compounds, mainly in brines, pegmatite minerals, and some clays. Its low atomic mass, high electrochemical potential, and ability to move reversibly through host materials make it central to rechargeable batteries.
Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
The name derives from the Latin lithos for "stone" because lithium was thought to exist only in minerals at that time. It was discovered by the Swedish mineralogist Johan August Arfwedson in 1818 in the mineral petalite LiAl(Si2O5)2. Lithium was isolated in 1855 by the German chemists Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.
Lithium was discovered in the mineral petalite (LiAl(Si2O5)2) by Johann August Arfvedson in 1817. It was first isolated by William Thomas Brande and Sir Humphrey Davy through the electrolysis of lithium oxide (Li2O). Today, larger amounts of the metal are obtained through the electrolysis of lithium chloride (LiCl). Lithium is not found free in nature and makes up only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.
From the Greek word lithos, stone. Discovered by Arfvedson in 1817. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, with a density only about half that of water.
Pure lithium is a soft, silvery-white metal when freshly cut. It tarnishes quickly in air, forming dull gray surface films of oxide, nitride, hydroxide, and carbonate. It is the least dense solid element at ordinary conditions and can be cut with a knife.
Most lithium demand is tied to lithium-ion batteries, where lithium ions shuttle between intercalation or conversion materials rather than existing as metallic lithium in normal operation. Lithium metal is used in some primary batteries and specialized rechargeable cells. Lithium compounds are also used in heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lubricating greases, air-treatment chemicals, aluminum production, and pharmaceutical salts such as lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, for selected mood disorders.
Many uses have been found for lithium and its compounds. Lithium has the highest specific heat of any solid element and is used in heat transfer applications. It is used to make special glasses and ceramics, including the Mount Palomar telescope's 200 inch mirror. Lithium is the lightest known metal and can be alloyed with aluminium, copper, manganese, and cadmium to make strong, lightweight metals for aircraft. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of spacecraft. Lithium stearate (LiC18H35O2) is used as a general purpose and high temperature lubricant. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is used as a drug to treat manic depression disorder.
Lithium reacts with water, but not as violently as sodium.
Since World War II, the production of lithium metal and its compounds has increased greatly. Because the metal has the highest specific heat of any solid element, it has found use in heat transfer applications; however, it is corrosive and requires special handling. The metal has been used as an alloying agent, is of interest in synthesis of organic compounds, and has nuclear applications. It ranks as a leading contender as a battery anode material as it has a high electrochemical potential. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. The glass for the 200-inch telescope at Mt. Palomar contains lithium as a minor ingredient. Lithium chloride is one of the most hygroscopic materials known, and it, as well as lithium bromide, is used in air conditioning and industrial drying systems. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Other lithium compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries. Lithium carbonate is used for the treatment of bipolar disease and other mental illness conditions.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of lithium possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. Natural terrestrial materials show a substantial variation in lithium isotopic abundance (Fig. IUPAC.3.1), and these natural isotopic abundances have been used to determine sources of dissolved lithium and to investigate environmental processes [13] M. W. Wieser, T. B. Coplen. Pure Appl Chem.83, 359 (2011)., [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)..
Variations in isotope-amount ratiosn(7Li)/n(6Li) can help determine the source of some water. Because the relative abundances of lithium isotopes can change during hydrothermal processes, isotopic analysis of lithium in water can help distinguish water derived from marine sedimentary rocks from water derived from hydrothermally altered igneous rocks (Fig. IUPAC.3.2) [36] T. D. Bullen, Y. K. Kharaka. “Isotopic composition of Sr, Nd, and Li in thermal waters from the Norris-Mammoth corridor, Yellowstone National Park and surrounding region”, in Water-Rock Interaction. in 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Rotterdam, Balkema Publishers (1992)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Industry
7Li, as hydroxide monohydrate (7LiOH•H2O), is used to maintain the pH level of the coolant used in pressurized water reactors in the nuclear power industry [39] International Atomic Energy Agency. Assessment and Management of Ageing of Major Nuclear Power Plant Components Important to Safety, IAEA-TECDOC-1361. 235 (2003)., [40] F. Nordmann. “Aspects on chemistry in french nuclear power plants”, in 14th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam in Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan.. Lithium plays a role in the construction of a thermonuclear bomb, which differs from a fission weapon in that it uses the energy released when two light atomic nuclei (i.e. deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H)) fuse to form helium and a high energy neutronvia this DT reaction. 6Li is used, in the form of 6Li deuteride (6Li 2H), as fusion fuel capable of producing tritium when bombarded with neutrons within the weapon via the reaction 6Li (n, 3H) 4He [41] FUSION EXPO. Controlled Fusion: The Energy Option for the 21st Century, FUSION EXPO (2011), November 6; http://www.fusion-eur.org/fusion_cd/popu.htm..
Li-based laboratory reagents have found their way into surface water and can be easily identified. Although a military secret in the 1950s, it is now known that substantial amounts of 6Li (normally having an isotopic abundance of 0.076) were removed from chemical reagents to be used in nuclear weapon development. Reagents containing the remaining lithium depleted in 6Li (having an isotopic abundance as low as 0.025) were sold to both chemical manufacturers and to laboratory chemists for their use [42] N. E. Holden. Chem. Int.32(1), 12 (2010).. The distinctive isotopic signature of depleted 6Li, having a n(7Li)/n(6Li) ratio of 39, compared to a ratio of 12 in naturally occurring terrestrial materials, enables easier detection of this lithium source in polluted waterways and the environment [35] H. P. Qi, T. B. Coplen, Q. Z. Wang, Y. H. Wang. Anal. Chem.69, 4076 (1997)., [37] E. Caldwell. Resources on Isotopes-Periodic Table-Lithium, U.S. Geological Surve (2011), November 3; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/li_iig.html..
Isotopes in Medicine
7Li is a decay product of the 10B (neutron, alpha) 7Li reaction, which has a peak value for room temperature neutrons. Brain tumor cells are typically found some 5 to 7 cm below the surface of the skull. After 10B has been introduced to or entered the tumor cells, a beam of neutrons of energy slightly above room temperature is introduced to the affected areas. The energy of these neutrons is reduced to room temperature by the time they react with the 10B, which then disintegrates into high energy charged particles (7Li and 4He), which deposit their kinetic energy in nearby (predominately cancerous) cells and destroys them. Any adjacent normal cells are unaffected [43] R. F. Barth. J. Neurooncol.62, 1 (2003)..
Lithium almost always has the +1 oxidation state in ordinary chemistry. Important compounds include lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, lithium hydroxide, LiOH, lithium chloride, LiCl, and lithium fluoride, LiF. Lithium hydride, LiH, is a reactive hydride and hydrogen source. Organolithium reagents such as butyllithium, C₄H₉Li, are strong bases and nucleophiles used in synthesis. Lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO₂, and lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO₄, are well-known battery cathode materials.
See more information at the Lithium compound page.
Lithium metal reacts with water to form lithium hydroxide, LiOH, and flammable H₂, and finely divided metal can ignite. Strongly basic lithium compounds can be corrosive, while soluble lithium salts can affect the nervous system, kidneys, and thyroid at excessive doses. Therapeutic use of lithium salts requires controlled dosing. Battery fires involve additional hazards from electrolytes, heat, and decomposition products, not only lithium itself.
Lithium is widely dispersed at low concentrations in rocks, soils, natural waters, and seawater. Weathering releases Li⁺, which can remain in solution, exchange onto clays, or concentrate in closed-basin brines through evaporation. It has no established essential biological role in humans, although trace exposure is common. Mining and brine extraction can alter water balances, salinity, dust levels, and local habitats if poorly managed.
Commercial lithium is produced mainly from hard-rock pegmatites, especially spodumene, and from continental brines concentrated by evaporation or direct extraction methods. The principal traded chemicals are lithium carbonate, Li₂CO₃, and lithium hydroxide, LiOH, with battery-grade purity a major value factor. Demand is strongly linked to rechargeable batteries, while ceramics, greases, and other uses form smaller markets. Recycling from batteries is growing but is constrained by collection, chemistry differences, and process economics.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
Lithium is unusually scarce in the cosmos compared with hydrogen and helium. Some ⁷Li was formed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but lithium is readily destroyed inside stars at temperatures below those needed to burn many heavier nuclei. Additional lithium is made by cosmic-ray spallation and in certain stellar events. Its abundance in old stars is important in tests of early-universe models.
- Lithium floats on many hydrocarbon oils because its density is lower than theirs.
- Natural lithium is a mixture mainly of ⁷Li with a smaller fraction of ⁶Li.
- Lithium gives a crimson color in flame tests, though sodium contamination can mask it.
- Lithium nitride, Li₃N, forms directly when lithium is exposed to nitrogen.
- The name comes from Greek lithos, reflecting its discovery in a mineral source.
Immagini
Proprietà
Fisiche
- Raggio atomico (empirico)
- 145 pm Confronta Raggio atomico (empirico) di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio covalente
- 128 pm Confronta Raggio covalente di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio di van der Waals
- 182 pm Confronta Raggio di van der Waals di tutti gli elementi →
- Raggio metallico
- 123 pm Confronta Raggio metallico di tutti gli elementi →
- Densità
- 534 kg/m³ Confronta Densità di tutti gli elementi →
- Volume molare
- 0,0131 L/mol
- Fase in condizioni STP
- Solido Confronta Fase in condizioni STP di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di fusione
- 180,5 °C Confronta Punto di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Punto di ebollizione
- 1341,85 °C Confronta Punto di ebollizione di tutti gli elementi →
- Conducibilità termica
- 84,8 W/(m·K) Confronta Conducibilità termica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica specifica
- 3,582 J/(g·K) Confronta Capacità termica specifica di tutti gli elementi →
- Capacità termica molare
- 24,86 J/(mol·K) Confronta Capacità termica molare di tutti gli elementi →
- Struttura cristallina
- Cubica a corpo centrato Confronta Struttura cristallina di tutti gli elementi →
Chimiche
- Elettronegatività (Pauling)
- 0,98 Confronta Elettronegatività (Pauling) di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettronegatività (Allen)
- 0,912
- Affinità elettronica
- 0,61804 eV
- Energia di ionizzazione (1ª)
- 5,391715 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (1ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (2ª)
- 75,640357 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (2ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Energia di ionizzazione (3ª)
- 122,454781 eV Confronta Energia di ionizzazione (3ª) di tutti gli elementi →
- Stati di ossidazione
- +1 Confronta Stati di ossidazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Elettroni di valenza
- 1 Confronta Elettroni di valenza di tutti gli elementi →
- Configurazione elettronica
- [He] 2s1
Termodinamiche
- Punto critico (temperatura)
- 2950 °C
- Punto critico (pressione)
- 6,7e+7 Pa
- Calore di fusione
- 0,03109292 eV Confronta Calore di fusione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di vaporizzazione
- 1,524589 eV Confronta Calore di vaporizzazione di tutti gli elementi →
- Calore di sublimazione
- 1,65207 eV
- Calore di atomizzazione
- 1,65207 eV
- Entalpia di atomizzazione
- 1,651034 eV
Nucleari
- Protoni
- 3 Confronta Protoni di tutti gli elementi →
- Neutroni
- 4 Confronta Neutroni di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi noti
- 11 Confronta Isotopi noti di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopi stabili
- 2 Confronta Isotopi stabili di tutti gli elementi →
- Isotopo più stabile
- Li-7
- Anno della scoperta
- 1817
Abbondanza
- Abbondanza (crosta terrestre)
- 20 mg/kg Confronta Abbondanza (crosta terrestre) di tutti gli elementi →
- Abbondanza (oceano)
- 0,18 mg/L Confronta Abbondanza (oceano) di tutti gli elementi →
Struttura cristallina
- Costante reticolare a
- 349 pm
Struttura elettronica
- Elettroni per guscio
- 2, 1 Confronta Elettroni per guscio di tutti gli elementi →
Identificativi
- Numero CAS
- 7439-93-2 Confronta Numero CAS di tutti gli elementi →
- Simbolo di termine
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Li
- Chiave InChI
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configurazione elettronica Misurato
Li: 2s¹[He] 2s¹1s² 2s¹Modello atomico
Gli isotopi modificano il numero di neutroni, la massa e la stabilità — non la configurazione elettronica di un atomo neutro.
Modello atomico schematico, non in scala.
Impronta atomica
Spettro di emissione / assorbimento
Distribuzione isotopica
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Stabile | 6,0151228874 ± 0,0000000016 | 7,5900% | Stabile |
| 7 Stabile | 7,0160034366 ± 0,0000000045 | 92,4100% | Stabile |
Fase / Stato
Motivo: 155,5 °C sotto il punto di fusione (180,5 °C)
Schema non in scala
Punti di transizione di fase
Energie di transizione
Energia necessaria per fondere 1 mol al punto di fusione
Energia necessaria per vaporizzare 1 mol al punto di ebollizione
Energia necessaria per sublimare 1 mol al punto di sublimazione
Densità
In condizioni standard
In condizioni standard
Avanzate
Spettri atomici
Righe disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Righe totali | Probabilità di transizione | Designazioni dei livelli |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li I | 0 | 344 | 257 | 328 |
| Li II | +1 | 663 | 564 | 630 |
| Li III | +2 | 144 | 144 | 144 |
Livelli disponibili ?
| Ione | Carica | Livelli |
|---|---|---|
| Li I | 0 | 182 |
| Li II | +1 | 179 |
| Li III | +2 | 149 |
Raggi ionici
| Carica | Coordinazione | Spin | Raggio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 4 | N/D | 59 pm |
| +1 | 6 | N/D | 76 pm |
| +1 | 8 | N/D | 92 pm |
Composti
Isotopi (2)
| Numero di massa | Massa atomica (u) | Abbondanza naturale | Emivita | Modalità di decadimento | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Stabile | 6,0151228874 ± 0,0000000016 | 7,5900% ± 0,0400% | Stabile | stable | |
| 7 Stabile | 7,0160034366 ± 0,0000000045 | 92,4100% ± 0,0400% | Stabile | stable |
Righe spettrali
| Lunghezza d'onda (nm) | Intensità | Stadio di ionizzazione | Tipo | Transizione | Accuratezza | Fonte | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383.559 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 383.564 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.7s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 387.8838 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 391.5292 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 391.5342 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 391.5344 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 398.5481 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 398.5535 nm | 10 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.6s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 413.2557 nm | 40 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 413.2613 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 413.2615 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 415.519 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 419.115 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3s 1S → 1s.4d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 427.306 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 427.312 nm | 20 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.5s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 432.21 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 432.226 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 432.53 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 432.54 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 432.542 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 432.554 nm | 5 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 432.562 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 432.578 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.8225057 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.8277799 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.8581249 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.866202 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4s 2S → 5p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.8846443 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.8847466 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.897364 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.8975539 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.9032229 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.9032561 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.9095915 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.90966 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5f 2F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.9118883 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.9157307 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5g 2G | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.9220996 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.9223809 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.9224003 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4f 2F* → 5d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.933185 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4p 2P* → 5s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 449.9357979 nm | N/D | Li III | emission | 4d 2D → 5p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 460.282 nm | 13 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 460.289 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 463.61 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.14 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.153 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 1F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.163 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.176 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.188 nm | 2 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.806 nm | 3 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 1F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 467.829 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 474.15 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 478.836 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 479.239 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 484.278 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 484.292 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 484.294 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 484.304 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 484.321 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 484.331 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 3D → 1s.4p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 488.12 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 488.147 nm | 4 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 488.169 nm | 1 | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 3P* → 1s.4s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 491.912 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3d 1D → 1s.4s 1S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 497.166 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 497.174 nm | 8 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.4s 2S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 503.791 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.3p 1P* → 1s.4s 1S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 510.8 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.7p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 519.917 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 519.919 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 519.928 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 519.937 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 519.947 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 527 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s.2s.3d 4D → 1s.2p.3d 4D* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 532.949 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 532.96 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 532.98 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.7s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 539.3 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 540.153 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 540.172 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 1F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 540.175 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 540.186 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 540.205 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.7f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 540.665 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 1F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 540.698 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.7f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.091 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.122 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.205 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.225 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.236 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.237 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 541.256 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.7d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 546.84 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 548.346 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 548.44 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 548.509 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.2s 3S → 1s.2p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 552.54 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.7s 1S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 565.388 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 565.409 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 565.421 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 3S → 1s.6p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 610.353 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 610.364 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 610.366 nm | 320 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2p 2P* → 1s2.3d 2D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 611.81 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 613.864 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4s 1S → 1s.6d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 625.219 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 625.222 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 625.235 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 625.248 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 625.263 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 653.14 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 654.566 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 1F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 654.595 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 654.611 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 654.64 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 655.319 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 1F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 655.364 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6f 3F* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.006 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.052 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.143 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.16 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.191 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 3P* → 1s.6s 3S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.261 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.29 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.306 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 3F* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.307 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 656.336 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4f 1F* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 662.07 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6p 1P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 664.252 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 664.269 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 664.281 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 664.298 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 3D → 1s.6p 3P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 664.48 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 1D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 664.77 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6d 3D | Misurata | NIST | |
| 668.73 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4d 1D → 1s.6s 1S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 670.776 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 670.791 nm | 3600 | Li I | emission | 1s2.2s 2S → 1s2.2p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 678.09 nm | N/D | Li II | emission | 1s.4p 1P* → 1s.6s 1S | Misurata | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 687.308 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.8p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | Misurata | NIST | |
| 713.517 nm | N/D | Li I | emission | 1s2.3s 2S → 1s2.7p 2P* | Misurata | NIST |
Proprietà estese
Raggi covalenti (dati estesi)
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 133 pm
- Raggio covalente (Pyykkö, legame doppio)
- 124 pm
- Raggio covalente (Bragg)
- 150 pm
Raggi di van der Waals
- Bondi
- 181 pm
- Batsanov
- 220 pm
- Alvarez
- 212 pm
- UFF
- 245,1 pm
- MM3
- 255 pm
Raggi atomici e metallici
- Raggio atomico (Rahm)
- 220 pm
- Raggio metallico (C12)
- 155 pm
Scale di numerazione
- Mendeleev
- 1
- Pettifor
- 12
- Glawe
- 12
Scale di elettronegatività
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
Polarizzabilità e dispersione
- Polarizzabilità dipolare
- 164,1125 a.u.
- Polarizzabilità dipolare (inc.)
- 0,0005 a.u.
- C₆
- 1392 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1410 Ha·Bohr6
Parametri di Miedema
- Volume molare di Miedema
- 13 cm3/mol
- Densità elettronica di Miedema
- 1
Rischio di approvvigionamento ed economia
- Concentrazione della produzione
- 62
- Rischio relativo di approvvigionamento
- 7
- Distribuzione delle riserve
- 58
- Stabilità politica (principale produttore)
- 75
- Stabilità politica (principale detentore di riserve)
- 68
Transizioni di fase e allotropi
| Punto di fusione | 453,65 K |
| Punto di ebollizione | 1615,15 K |
| Punto critico (temperatura) | 3223,15 K |
| Punto critico (pressione) | 67 MPa |
Categorie degli stati di ossidazione
Dati di riferimento avanzati
Costanti di schermaggio (2)
| n | Orbitale | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,3094 |
| 2 | s | 1,7208 |
Dettaglio dei raggi cristallini (3)
| Carica | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Origine |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | IV | 73 | ||
| 1 | VI | 90 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 106 | calculated, |
Modalità di decadimento degli isotopi (17)
| Isotopo | Modalità | Intensità |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | p | — |
| 4 | p | 100% |
| 5 | p | 100% |
| 8 | B- | 100% |
| 8 | B-A | 100% |
| 9 | B- | 100% |
| 9 | B-n | 50,5% |
| 10 | n | 100% |
| 11 | B- | 100% |
| 11 | B-n | 86,3% |
Fattori di diffusione dei raggi X (501)
| Energia (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0,11642 |
| 10,1617 | — | 0,11743 |
| 10,3261 | — | 0,11844 |
| 10,4931 | — | 0,11947 |
| 10,6628 | — | 0,12051 |
| 10,8353 | — | 0,12155 |
| 11,0106 | — | 0,12261 |
| 11,1886 | — | 0,12367 |
| 11,3696 | — | 0,12444 |
| 11,5535 | — | 0,12502 |
Dati aggiuntivi
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
Riferimenti (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
1.8×10-1 milligrams per liter
Riferimenti (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
It does not occur freely in nature; combined, it is found in small units in nearly all igneous rocks and in many mineral springs. Lepidolite, spodumene, petalite, and amblygonite are the more important minerals containing it.
Lithium is presently being recovered from brines of Searles Lake, in California, and from those in Nevada. Large deposits of quadramene are found in North Carolina. The metal is produced electrolytically from the fused chloride. Lithium is silvery in appearance, much like Na, K, and other members of the alkali metal series. It reacts with water, but not as vigorously as sodium. Lithium imparts a beautiful crimson color to a flame, but when the metal burns strongly, the flame is a dazzling white.
Riferimenti (1)
- [6] Lithium https://periodic.lanl.gov/3.shtml
Riferimenti
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Lithium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.