Bismuth (Bi)
post-transition-metalSolid
Bobot Atom Standar
208,9804 uKonfigurasi elektron
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3Titik lebur
271,4 °CTitik didih
1563,85 °CMassa jenis
9807 kg/m³Bilangan oksidasi
−3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5Keelektronegatifan (Pauling)
2,02Energi ionisasi (ke-1)
7,285516 eVTahun penemuan
1753Jari-jari atom
160 pmDetail
Bismuth is a heavy post-transition metal and the heaviest element with a primordial isotope that is effectively stable on human timescales. Natural bismuth is almost entirely ²⁰⁹Bi, now known to be very weakly radioactive by alpha decay. It has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal, low thermal conductivity, a low melting point, and a strong tendency to form +3 compounds. These traits make it useful where lead, cadmium, or mercury are undesirable.
It is a white, crystalline, brittle metal with a pinkish tinge. It occurs in a native state. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury. It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field).
The name derives from the German weisse masse for "white mass" from the colour of its oxides. The ancients did not distinguish bismuth from lead. The French chemist Claude-Francois Geoffroy showed that bismuth was distinct from lead in 1753.
Bismuth, which has been known since ancient times, was often confused with lead and tin. Bismuth was first shown to be a distinct element in 1753 by Claude Geoffroy the Younger. Bismuth does occur free in nature and in such minerals as bismuthinite (Bi2S3) and bismite (Bi2O3). The largest deposits of bismuth are found in Bolivia, although bismuth is usually obtained as a by-product of mining and refining lead, copper, tin, silver and gold.
From the German Weisse Masse, meaning white mass; later Wisuth and Bisemutum. In early times bismuth was confused with tin and lead. Claude Geoffroy the Younger showed it to be distinct from lead in 1753.
Pure bismuth is a brittle, crystalline metal with a silvery white surface that often shows a pinkish tint. Fresh crystals readily develop iridescent oxide films. It expands on solidifying, a behavior shared by few common elements.
Bismuth is used in low-melting alloys for fire-sprinkler links, fuses, solders, and precision casting. It is a common lead substitute in some free-machining metals, shot, fishing weights, and plumbing-related solders. Bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and catalysts. Bismuth subsalicylate, C₇H₅BiO₄, is a long-established gastrointestinal medicine, and bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl, gives pearly effects in cosmetic formulations.
Pure bismuth is a white, brittle metal with a slight pink color. Bismuth is usually mixed with other metals, such as lead, tin, iron or cadmium to form low-melting alloys. These alloys are used in such things as automatic fire sprinkler systems, fire detection systems and electrical fuses.
Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), a bismuth compound, is used as a yellow pigment in paints and cosmetics. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) is used to make a pigment known as bismuth white. Bismuth carbonate (Bi2(CO3)3) is used to treat diarrhea and gastric ulcers.
Once thought to be the heaviest stable isotope to exist in nature, experiments conducted in 2002 showed that bismuth-209 is unstable and decays into thallium-205 through alpha decay. Bismuth-209 has a half-life of roughly 19,000,000,000,000,000,000 years.
"Bismanol" is a permanent magnet of high coercive force, made of MnBi, by the U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center. Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium, etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235U or 233U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming unsoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth subnitrate and subcarbonate are used in medicine.
Isotopes in Medicine
212Bi and 213Bi (with half-lives of 1 h and 0.76 h, respectively) are both used in medicine for radioimmunotherapy as bismuth-labeled monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer cells from melanoma (skin cancer) (Fig. IUPAC.83.1) and ovarian cancer [559] D. E. Milenic, M. Roselli, S. Mirzadeh, C. G. Pippin, O. A. Gansow, D. Colcher, M. W. Brechbiel, J. Schlom. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm.16, 133 (2001).. Figure 4.83.2 compares the biologic effect of 131I and 213Bi using a specific monoclonal antibody, B-B4, coupled to 213Bi by a chelating agent (a substance that can form multiple bonds to a single metal ion). 213Bi is a mixed alpha and beta emitter with a half-life of 0.76 h. The primary mode of decay is by beta emission to the very short-lived alpha emitter 213Po. The 8.4 MeV alpha particle emitted by 213Po has a path length of 76 μm in human tissue and is responsible for its cytotoxic effects (toxic to living cells). 213Bi is produced from a series of alpha particle decays beginning with 225Ac, which is a pure alpha emitter with a half-life of 10 days. A schematic of the Institute for Transuranium Elements (ITU) Standard 225Ac/ 213Bi Radionuclide Generator is shown in Fig. IUPAC.83.3.
212Bi has been used for radioimmunotherapy of leukemia and for targeting the vascular endothelial cells (thin layer of simple squamous cells that forms the interface between circulating blood or lymph and the remainder of the vessel wall) of tumors [560] F. Hartmann, E. M. Horak, K. Garmestani, C. Wu, M. W. Brechbiel, R. W. Kozak, J. Tso, S. A. Kosteiny, O. A. Gansow, D. L. Nelson. Cancer Res.54, 4362 (1994)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
209Bi is bombarded with neutrons in a nuclear reactor to form radioactive 210Bi. The 210Bi (with a half-life of 5 days) decays via the reaction 210Bi→ 210Po+β −. The half-life of 210Po is 138 days and it is used in static eliminators in machinery [75] J. Peterson, M. McDonell, L. Haroun, F. Monette, R. D. Hildebrand, A. Taboas. Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas, Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory Environmental Science Division in collaboration with U.S. Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office and Chicago Operations Office (2014), Feb. 22; http://www.remm.nlm.gov/ANL_ContaminantFactSheets_All_070418.pdf..
Bismuth chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, with the +5 state less stable and strongly oxidizing in many compounds. Bismuth(III) oxide, Bi₂O₃, is an important oxide with several polymorphs and high oxide-ion conductivity in some phases. Bismuth trichloride, BiCl₃, hydrolyzes readily in water to give oxychloride species. Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate, Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O, is a common laboratory precursor. Organobismuth compounds exist but are less broadly used than analogous phosphorus or arsenic chemistry.
See more information at the Bismuth compound page.
Elemental bismuth and many insoluble bismuth compounds are comparatively low in toxicity, but this does not make all bismuth materials harmless. Soluble salts, dusts, and pharmaceutical overuse can cause adverse effects, including kidney or neurological problems in severe cases. Molten bismuth presents ordinary burn and metal-fume precautions. Natural ²⁰⁹Bi is radioactive only at an extremely low specific activity, so its radiological hazard is normally negligible.
Bismuth occurs at low abundance in the crust, commonly associated with sulfide ores of lead, copper, tin, and tungsten. Native bismuth and minerals such as bismuthinite, Bi₂S₃, are known but not usually mined alone. In soils and waters, bismuth tends to form sparingly soluble oxides, sulfides, and basic salts, limiting mobility under many conditions. It has no established essential biological role.
Bismuth is obtained mainly as a by-product of refining lead, copper, tin, tungsten, and other metal ores, rather than from dedicated bismuth mines. Supply therefore depends strongly on the processing of other metals. Demand is supported by substitution for more toxic heavy metals, especially lead, and by uses in alloys, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recycling occurs from some alloy and manufacturing scrap, but dispersed uses in cosmetics, medicines, and small components are difficult to recover economically.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
Bismuth is a rare heavy element in cosmic terms. Its stable primordial inventory was made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from the slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile and siderophile trace element, concentrating preferentially in sulfide-rich and metallic phases rather than in common silicates.
- Bismuth is more strongly diamagnetic than any other stable metal.
- Its liquid form is denser than its solid form, so it expands when it freezes.
- The half-life of ²⁰⁹Bi is about 1.9 × 10¹⁹ years.
- Bismuth crystals sold as ornaments usually owe their colors to a thin oxide film.
- Bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, is a major thermoelectric material near room temperature.
Gambar
Sifat
Fisika
- Jari-jari atom (empiris)
- 160 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari atom (empiris) semua unsur →
- Jari-jari kovalen
- 148 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari kovalen semua unsur →
- Jari-jari van der Waals
- 207 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari van der Waals semua unsur →
- Jari-jari logam
- 151 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari logam semua unsur →
- Massa jenis
- 9807 kg/m³ Bandingkan Massa jenis semua unsur →
- Volume molar
- 0,0213 L/mol
- Fase pada STP
- Padat Bandingkan Fase pada STP semua unsur →
- Titik lebur
- 271,4 °C Bandingkan Titik lebur semua unsur →
- Titik didih
- 1563,85 °C Bandingkan Titik didih semua unsur →
- Konduktivitas termal
- 7,9 W/(m·K) Bandingkan Konduktivitas termal semua unsur →
- Kapasitas kalor spesifik
- 0,122 J/(g·K) Bandingkan Kapasitas kalor spesifik semua unsur →
- Kapasitas kalor molar
- 25,52 J/(mol·K) Bandingkan Kapasitas kalor molar semua unsur →
- Struktur kristal
- Rombohedral Bandingkan Struktur kristal semua unsur →
Kimia
- Keelektronegatifan (Pauling)
- 2,02 Bandingkan Keelektronegatifan (Pauling) semua unsur →
- Keelektronegatifan (Allen)
- 2,01
- Afinitas elektron
- 0,942 eV
- Energi ionisasi (ke-1)
- 7,285516 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-1) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-2)
- 16,703057 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-2) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-3)
- 25,570838 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-3) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-4)
- 45,370156 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-4) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-5)
- 54,856189 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-5) semua unsur →
- Bilangan oksidasi
- −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 Bandingkan Bilangan oksidasi semua unsur →
- Elektron valensi
- 5 Bandingkan Elektron valensi semua unsur →
- Konfigurasi elektron
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p3
Termodinamika
- Titik kritis (suhu)
- 4347 °C
- Kalor peleburan
- 0,11297093 eV Bandingkan Kalor peleburan semua unsur →
- Kalor penguapan
- 1,56501 eV Bandingkan Kalor penguapan semua unsur →
- Kalor sublimasi
- 2,176504 eV
- Kalor atomisasi
- 2,176504 eV
- Entalpi atomisasi
- 2,172358 eV
Nuklir
- Proton
- 83 Bandingkan Proton semua unsur →
- Neutron
- 126 Bandingkan Neutron semua unsur →
- Isotop yang diketahui
- 41 Bandingkan Isotop yang diketahui semua unsur →
- Isotop stabil
- 0 Bandingkan Isotop stabil semua unsur →
- Isotop paling stabil
- Bi-209
- Tahun penemuan
- 1753
Kelimpahan
- Kelimpahan (kerak Bumi)
- 0,009 mg/kg Bandingkan Kelimpahan (kerak Bumi) semua unsur →
- Kelimpahan (samudra)
- 2 × 10−5 mg/L Bandingkan Kelimpahan (samudra) semua unsur →
Struktur Kristal
- Konstanta kisi a
- 475 pm
Struktur Elektronik
- Elektron per kulit
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 Bandingkan Elektron per kulit semua unsur →
Pengenal
- Nomor CAS
- 7440-69-9 Bandingkan Nomor CAS semua unsur →
- Simbol term
- 4S°3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Bi
- Kunci InChI
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Konfigurasi Elektron Diukur
Bi: 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p³Model atom
Isotop mengubah jumlah neutron, massa, dan kestabilan — bukan konfigurasi elektron atom netral.
Model atom skematis, tidak sesuai skala.
Sidik Jari Atom
Spektrum Emisi / Absorpsi
Distribusi Isotop
Tidak memiliki isotop stabil.
| Nomor massa | Massa atom (u) | Kelimpahan alami | Waktu paruh |
|---|---|---|---|
| 189 Radioaktif | 188,989195 ± 0,000022 | Tidak tersedia | 688 ms |
| 208 Radioaktif | 207,9797425 ± 0,0000025 | Tidak tersedia | 368 ky |
| 195 Radioaktif | 194,9806488 ± 0,0000057 | Tidak tersedia | 183 detik |
| 201 Radioaktif | 200,97701 ± 0,000016 | Tidak tersedia | 103 menit |
| 217 Radioaktif | 217,009372 ± 0,000019 | Tidak tersedia | 98.5 detik |
Fase / Wujud
Alasan: 246,4 °C di bawah titik lebur (271,4 °C)
Skematis, tidak sesuai skala
Titik transisi fase
Energi transisi
Energi yang diperlukan untuk meleburkan 1 mol pada titik lebur
Energi yang diperlukan untuk menguapkan 1 mol pada titik didih
Energi yang diperlukan untuk menyublimkan 1 mol pada titik sublimasi
Massa jenis
Pada kondisi standar
Pada kondisi standar
Lanjutan
Spektrum Atom
Menampilkan 10 dari 83. Diurutkan berdasarkan muatan ion (menaik).
Data Garis Spektrum ?
| Ion | Muatan | Total garis | Probabilitas transisi | Penamaan tingkat energi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 69 | 39 | 63 |
| Bi II | +1 | 111 | 4 | 16 |
| Bi III | +2 | 204 | 204 | 204 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 45 | 0 | 0 |
| Bi V | +4 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
Data Tingkat Energi ?
| Ion | Muatan | Tingkat energi |
|---|---|---|
| Bi I | 0 | 75 |
| Bi II | +1 | 78 |
| Bi III | +2 | 68 |
| Bi IV | +3 | 38 |
| Bi V | +4 | 15 |
| Bi VI | +5 | 115 |
| Bi VII | +6 | 2 |
| Bi VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Bi IX | +8 | 2 |
| Bi X | +9 | 2 |
Jari-jari Ion
| Muatan | Koordinasi | Spin | Jari-jari |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 5 | Tidak tersedia | 96 pm |
| +3 | 6 | Tidak tersedia | 103 pm |
| +3 | 8 | Tidak tersedia | 117 pm |
| +5 | 6 | Tidak tersedia | 76 pm |
Senyawa
Isotop (5)
| Nomor massa | Massa atom (u) | Kelimpahan alami | Waktu paruh | Mode peluruhan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 189 Radioaktif | 188,989195 ± 0,000022 | Tidak tersedia | 688 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 208 Radioaktif | 207,9797425 ± 0,0000025 | Tidak tersedia | 368 ky | β+ =100% | |
| 195 Radioaktif | 194,9806488 ± 0,0000057 | Tidak tersedia | 183 detik | β+ ≈100%α =0.030±1.2% | |
| 201 Radioaktif | 200,97701 ± 0,000016 | Tidak tersedia | 103 menit | β+ =100% | |
| 217 Radioaktif | 217,009372 ± 0,000019 | Tidak tersedia | 98.5 detik | β- =100% |
Garis Spektrum
| Panjang gelombang (nm) | Intensitas | Tahap ionisasi | Jenis | Transisi | Akurasi | Sumber | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 384.893 nm | 21 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 392.72 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(3P) 2P → 6s2.8p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 393.036 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 422.469 nm | 350 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | Diukur | NIST | |
| 423.421 nm | 280 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.7g 2G | Diukur | NIST | |
| 425.9413 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | Diukur | NIST | |
| 430.1697 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.6d (1/2,5/2)* → 6s2.6p.5f (1/2,7/2) | Diukur | NIST | |
| 430.653 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1S) 2S → 6s2.8p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 432.792 nm | 360 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7p 2P* → 6s2.8s 2S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 456.143 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s2.7s 2S → 6s2.7p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 470.5285 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,1/2) → 6s2.6p.7d (1/2,3/2)* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 472.883 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 475.128 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.5f 2F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 479.742 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 480.9082 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6p 2P* → 6s2.6p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 505.178 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 505.244 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.5g 2G → 6s2.7h 2H* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 507.928 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6d 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 512.4356 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (3/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (3/2,3/2) | Diukur | NIST | |
| 514.4507 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | Diukur | NIST | |
| 520.9325 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi II | emission | 6s2.6p.7s (1/2,1/2)* → 6s2.6p.7p (1/2,3/2) | Diukur | NIST | |
| 613.907 nm | 22 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | Diukur | NIST | |
| 614.039 nm | 150 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | Diukur | NIST | |
| 616.071 nm | 120 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.6f 2F* → 6s2.6g 2G | Diukur | NIST | |
| 662.323 nm | 180 | Bi III | emission | 6s2.8p 2P* → 6s2.8d 2D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 738.23 nm | Tidak tersedia | Bi III | emission | 6s.6p2.(1D) 2D → 6s2.7p 2P* | Diukur | NIST |
Sifat Lanjutan
Jari-jari Kovalen (Lanjutan)
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö)
- 151 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö, ikatan rangkap dua)
- 141 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö, ikatan rangkap tiga)
- 135 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Bragg)
- 148 pm
Jari-jari van der Waals
- Truhlar
- 207 pm
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 254 pm
- UFF
- 437 pm
- MM3
- 266 pm
Jari-jari Atom & Logam
- Jari-jari atom (Rahm)
- 250 pm
- Jari-jari logam (C12)
- 178 pm
Skala Penomoran
- Mendeleev
- 97
- Pettifor
- 87
- Glawe
- 92
Skala Keelektronegatifan
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarizabilitas & Dispersi
- Polarizabilitas dipol
- 48 a.u.
- Polarizabilitas dipol (ketidakpastian)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 513 Ha·Bohr6
Parameter Miedema
- Volume molar Miedema
- 19,32 cm3/mol
- Kerapatan elektron Miedema
- 2
Risiko Pasokan & Ekonomi
- Konsentrasi produksi
- 42
- Risiko pasokan relatif
- 9
- Distribusi cadangan
- 75
- Stabilitas politik (produsen terbesar)
- 24
- Stabilitas politik (pemilik cadangan terbesar)
- 24
Transisi Fase & Alotrop
| Titik lebur | 544,55 K |
| Titik didih | 1837,15 K |
| Titik kritis (suhu) | 4620,15 K |
Kategori Bilangan Oksidasi
Data Referensi Lanjutan
Konstanta Pemerisaian (15)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1,6018 |
| 2 | p | 4,533 |
| 2 | s | 21,824 |
| 3 | d | 13,4585 |
| 3 | p | 23,0678 |
| 3 | s | 24,1145 |
| 4 | d | 37,7608 |
| 4 | f | 37,9308 |
| 4 | p | 36,1496 |
| 4 | s | 35,2928 |
Detail Jari-jari Kristal (4)
| Muatan | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Asal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | V | 110 | calculated, | |
| 3 | VI | 117 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VIII | 131 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 90 | estimated, |
Mode Peluruhan Isotop (70)
| Isotop | Mode | Intensitas |
|---|---|---|
| 184 | A | 100% |
| 185 | p | — |
| 185 | A | — |
| 186 | A | 100% |
| 186 | B+ | — |
| 186 | B+SF | 0% |
| 187 | A | 100% |
| 188 | A | 100% |
| 188 | B+ | — |
| 188 | B+SF | 0% |
Faktor Hamburan Sinar-X (516)
| Energi (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 5,59475 |
| 10,1617 | — | 5,63587 |
| 10,3261 | — | 5,67729 |
| 10,4931 | — | 5,71901 |
| 10,6628 | — | 5,74574 |
| 10,8353 | — | 5,7564 |
| 11,0106 | — | 5,76707 |
| 11,1886 | — | 5,77776 |
| 11,3696 | — | 5,78847 |
| 11,5535 | — | 5,7834 |
Data Tambahan
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.5×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
Referensi (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-5 milligrams per liter
Referensi (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The most important ores are bismuthinite or bismuth glance and bismite. Peru, Japan, Mexico, Bolivia, and Canada are major bismuth producers. Much of the bismuth produced in the U.S. is obtained as a by-product in refining lead, copper, tin, silver, and gold ores.
Referensi (1)
- [6] Bismuth https://periodic.lanl.gov/83.shtml
Referensi
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Bismuth.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.