Manganese (Mn)
transition-metalSolid
Bobot Atom Standar
54,938044 uKonfigurasi elektron
[Ar] 4s2 3d5Titik lebur
1245,85 °CTitik didih
2060,85 °CMassa jenis
7300 kg/m³Bilangan oksidasi
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7Keelektronegatifan (Pauling)
1,55Energi ionisasi (ke-1)
7,434038 eVTahun penemuan
1774Jari-jari atom
140 pmDetail
Manganese is a hard, brittle first-row transition metal and an essential alloying element in steelmaking. It occurs in nature mainly as oxides, carbonates, and silicates rather than as the free metal. Its chemistry is notable for accessible oxidation states from +2 to +7, with strong colors and redox behavior. Small biological amounts are essential, especially in enzymes, but concentrated manganese compounds and dusts can be hazardous.
It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically and decomposes slowly in cold water. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. Manganese improves rolling and forging qualities in steel, along with adding strength, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness.
With aluminum and antimony, and especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys.
Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent.
The name derives from the Latin magnes for "magnet" since pyrolusite (MnO2) has magnetic properties. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In the same year, the Swedish chemist Johan Gottlieb Gahn first isolated the metal.
Proposed to be an element by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774, manganese was discovered by Johan Gottlieb Gahn, a Swedish chemist, by heating the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2) in the presence of charcoal later that year. Today, most manganese is still obtained from pyrolusite, although it is usually burned in a furnace with powdered aluminum or is treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form manganese sulfate (MnSO4), which is then electrolyzed.
From the Latin word magnes, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite. Recognized by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Torbern Olof Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon.
Pure manganese is a silvery-gray metal with a faint pinkish cast when freshly prepared. It tarnishes in air and is hard and brittle rather than malleable. Several solid allotropes are known, and the stable form at room temperature has a complex crystal structure.
Most manganese is used in iron and steel production, where it removes sulfur and oxygen and improves hardness, strength, and wear resistance. Ferromanganese and silicomanganese are standard alloy additions. Manganese is also used in some aluminum alloys and in dry-cell and alkaline batteries through manganese dioxide, MnO₂. Potassium permanganate, KMnO₄, has long been used as a strong oxidizing agent in chemical synthesis, water treatment, and analytical chemistry.
Nearly 90% of all of the manganese produced each year is used in the production of steel. Manganese is added to molten steel to remove oxygen and sulfur and is alloyed with steel to make it easier to form and work with and to increase steel's strength and resistance to impact. Railroad tracks, for example, are made with steel that contains as much as 1.2% manganese. Manganese is also used to give glass an amethyst color and is responsible for the color of amethyst gemstones.
Manganese dioxide (MnO2), the most common compound of manganese, makes up about 0.14% of the Earth's crust. It is used in dry cell batteries to prevent the formation of hydrogen, to remove the green color in glass that is caused by the presence of iron contaminants, and as a drying agent in black paints.
The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells and is used to "decolorize" glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine.
Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Radioactive 54Mn (half-life of 312 days) has been used as a tracer to study migration of heavy metals in effluents (flowing out) from mining waste [109] Australian Government, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Ansto). [Radioisotopes]:/their Role in Society Today/, Australian Government, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Ansto) (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ansto.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/3564/Radioisotopes.pdf., [110] AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students. Chemistry Tutorial: Summary of Radioactive Particles, Isotopes, Properties and Uses, AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ausetute.com.au/nuclesum.html..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The radioactive isotope 53Mn is formed by the interaction of protons, produced by cosmic rays, on iron in rocks. The accumulation of 53Mn, having a half-life of 3.7×106 years, at the Earth’s surface enables determination of exposure ages of landforms to cosmic rays and quantification of erosion rates. For example, Schaefer et al. [211] J. M. Schaefer, T. Faestermann, G. F. Herzog, K. Knie, G. Korschinek, J. Masarik, A. Meier, M. Poutivtsev, G. Rugel, C. Schlüchter, F. Serifiddin, G. Winckler. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.251, 334 (2006). measured 13 samples from nine dolerite (igneous rock containing plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine) surfaces in the Dry Valleys, Antarctica. They found that the terrestrial 53Mn concentrations correlate well with cosmic-ray-produced 3He and 21Ne concentrations in the same samples (Fig. IUPAC.25.1), which suggests that 53Mn is produced continuously in place and retained over millions of years without loss. Their results suggest that 53Mn concentrations in rocks can be used to monitor Earth-surface processes on time scales exceeding 10×106 years.
Isotopes in Medicine
51Mn, 52Mn and 52mMn (with half-lives of 46 min, 5.6 days, and 21 min, respectively) are radioactive isotopes that emit positrons that are used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging [212] G. J. Topping, P. Schaffer, C. Hoehr, T. J. Ruth, V. Sossi. Med. Phys.40, 042502 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4793756., [213] C. W. Olanow, P. F. Good, H. Shinotoh, K. A. Hewitt, F. Vingerhoets, B. J. Snow, M. F. Beal, D. B. Calne, D. P. Perl. Neurology46, 492 (1996).. The m in the superscript of 52mMn indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Manganese commonly forms Mn²⁺ compounds, many of which are pale pink and relatively stable in water. Higher oxidation states are important in oxides and oxyanions: manganese dioxide, MnO₂, contains Mn(IV), while permanganate salts such as potassium permanganate, KMnO₄, contain Mn(VII) and are powerful oxidants. Manganese(II) sulfate, MnSO₄, is an important soluble salt. The carbonate rhodochrosite, MnCO₃, and mixed oxide minerals are major natural sources. Manganate, MnO₄²⁻, is green and less stable than permanganate under many conditions.
See more information at the Manganese compound page.
Metallic manganese is not highly toxic as a solid lump, but dust and fumes from mining, welding, smelting, or grinding can be harmful if inhaled. Chronic excessive exposure to manganese can damage the nervous system and produce symptoms resembling parkinsonism. Strong oxidizing compounds such as potassium permanganate, KMnO₄, can burn skin and react dangerously with reducing agents or organic materials. Normal dietary manganese is essential, but concentrated exposure is a separate hazard.
Exposure to manganese dusts, fume, and compounds should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 for even short periods because of the element's toxicity level.
Manganese is widespread in rocks, soils, freshwater, and marine sediments. Its mobility is controlled strongly by oxidation state, pH, and the availability of oxygen; Mn²⁺ is more soluble, while Mn(III) and Mn(IV) oxides tend to form insoluble coatings and nodules. Microorganisms can oxidize and reduce manganese and help drive its cycling. In water systems, excess dissolved manganese can stain plumbing and affect taste before it reaches levels of toxicological concern.
Manganese is produced chiefly from oxide and carbonate ores, then converted into ferromanganese, silicomanganese, electrolytic manganese metal, or manganese chemicals according to use. Steelmaking dominates demand, so consumption follows construction, transport, and machinery production more than specialty chemical markets. High-grade ore supply is geographically concentrated, and beneficiation is often needed. Recycling occurs mainly indirectly through recycled steel rather than recovery of manganese as a separate product. Battery use has grown in importance but remains distinct from the much larger metallurgical market.
Manganese minerals are widely distributed, with oxides, silicates, and carbonates being the most common. Large quantities of manganese nodules are found on the ocean floor and may become a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese, together with many other elements in lesser abundance.
Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis.
Manganese is a moderately abundant iron-peak element formed in stellar nucleosynthesis, especially in processes associated with silicon burning and supernovae. In rocky planets and meteorites it follows geochemical behavior between lithophile and siderophile tendencies, appearing in silicates, oxides, and metal-bearing phases. Its abundance is far below that of iron but high enough for broad planetary distribution.
- Manganese dioxide, MnO₂, is the main depolarizer material in many zinc-carbon and alkaline cells.
- The intense purple color of permanganate comes from Mn(VII), not from a d-electron transition.
- Manganese nodules on the deep ocean floor also contain iron, nickel, copper, and cobalt.
- Hadfield steel contains high manganese and is valued for work-hardening under impact.
- The name is historically linked to magnesia minerals, which were often confused in early mineralogy.
Gambar
Sifat
Fisika
- Jari-jari atom (empiris)
- 140 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari atom (empiris) semua unsur →
- Jari-jari kovalen
- 139 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari kovalen semua unsur →
- Jari-jari van der Waals
- 197 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari van der Waals semua unsur →
- Jari-jari logam
- 118 pm Bandingkan Jari-jari logam semua unsur →
- Massa jenis
- 7300 kg/m³ Bandingkan Massa jenis semua unsur →
- Volume molar
- 0,00739 L/mol
- Fase pada STP
- Padat Bandingkan Fase pada STP semua unsur →
- Titik lebur
- 1245,85 °C Bandingkan Titik lebur semua unsur →
- Titik didih
- 2060,85 °C Bandingkan Titik didih semua unsur →
- Kapasitas kalor spesifik
- 0,479 J/(g·K) Bandingkan Kapasitas kalor spesifik semua unsur →
- Kapasitas kalor molar
- 26,32 J/(mol·K) Bandingkan Kapasitas kalor molar semua unsur →
- Struktur kristal
- Kubik Bandingkan Struktur kristal semua unsur →
Kimia
- Keelektronegatifan (Pauling)
- 1,55 Bandingkan Keelektronegatifan (Pauling) semua unsur →
- Keelektronegatifan (Allen)
- 1,75
- Afinitas elektron
- -0,5 eV (nilai negatif — atom tidak diprediksi mengikat elektron tambahan)
- Energi ionisasi (ke-1)
- 7,434038 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-1) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-2)
- 15,640044 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-2) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-3)
- 33,668116 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-3) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-4)
- 51,210176 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-4) semua unsur →
- Energi ionisasi (ke-5)
- 72,410249 eV Bandingkan Energi ionisasi (ke-5) semua unsur →
- Bilangan oksidasi
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 Bandingkan Bilangan oksidasi semua unsur →
- Elektron valensi
- 7 Bandingkan Elektron valensi semua unsur →
- Konfigurasi elektron
- [Ar] 4s2 3d5
Termodinamika
- Titik kritis (suhu)
- 4052 °C
- Kalor peleburan
- 0,13680883 eV Bandingkan Kalor peleburan semua unsur →
- Kalor penguapan
- 2,331969 eV Bandingkan Kalor penguapan semua unsur →
- Kalor sublimasi
- 2,914443 eV
- Kalor atomisasi
- 2,914443 eV
- Entalpi atomisasi
- 2,936208 eV
Nuklir
- Proton
- 25 Bandingkan Proton semua unsur →
- Neutron
- 30 Bandingkan Neutron semua unsur →
- Isotop yang diketahui
- 31 Bandingkan Isotop yang diketahui semua unsur →
- Isotop stabil
- 1 Bandingkan Isotop stabil semua unsur →
- Isotop paling stabil
- Mn-55
- Tahun penemuan
- 1774
Kelimpahan
- Kelimpahan (kerak Bumi)
- 950 mg/kg Bandingkan Kelimpahan (kerak Bumi) semua unsur →
- Kelimpahan (samudra)
- 2 × 10−4 mg/L Bandingkan Kelimpahan (samudra) semua unsur →
Struktur Kristal
- Konstanta kisi a
- 889 pm
Struktur Elektronik
- Elektron per kulit
- 2, 8, 13, 2 Bandingkan Elektron per kulit semua unsur →
Pengenal
- Nomor CAS
- 7439-96-5 Bandingkan Nomor CAS semua unsur →
- Simbol term
- 6S5/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mn
- Kunci InChI
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Konfigurasi Elektron Diukur
Mn: 3d⁵ 4s²[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s²Model atom
Isotop mengubah jumlah neutron, massa, dan kestabilan — bukan konfigurasi elektron atom netral.
Model atom skematis, tidak sesuai skala.
Sidik Jari Atom
Spektrum Emisi / Absorpsi
Distribusi Isotop
| Nomor massa | Massa atom (u) | Kelimpahan alami | Waktu paruh |
|---|---|---|---|
| 55 Stabil | 54,93804391 ± 0,00000048 | 100,0000% | Stabil |
Fase / Wujud
Alasan: 1220,8 °C di bawah titik lebur (1245,85 °C)
Skematis, tidak sesuai skala
Titik transisi fase
Energi transisi
Energi yang diperlukan untuk meleburkan 1 mol pada titik lebur
Energi yang diperlukan untuk menguapkan 1 mol pada titik didih
Energi yang diperlukan untuk menyublimkan 1 mol pada titik sublimasi
Massa jenis
Pada kondisi standar
Pada kondisi standar
Lanjutan
Spektrum Atom
Menampilkan 10 dari 25. Diurutkan berdasarkan muatan ion (menaik).
Data Garis Spektrum ?
| Ion | Muatan | Total garis | Probabilitas transisi | Penamaan tingkat energi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mn I | 0 | 631 | 499 | 499 |
| Mn II | +1 | 3975 | 844 | 3781 |
| Mn III | +2 | 86 | 0 | 0 |
| Mn IV | +3 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
| Mn V | +4 | 136 | 112 | 112 |
| Mn VI | +5 | 286 | 97 | 284 |
| Mn VII | +6 | 57 | 26 | 57 |
| Mn VIII | +7 | 49 | 3 | 49 |
| Mn IX | +8 | 43 | 9 | 43 |
| Mn X | +9 | 57 | 18 | 57 |
Data Tingkat Energi ?
| Ion | Muatan | Tingkat energi |
|---|---|---|
| Mn I | 0 | 552 |
| Mn II | +1 | 533 |
| Mn III | +2 | 393 |
| Mn IV | +3 | 104 |
| Mn V | +4 | 85 |
| Mn VI | +5 | 116 |
| Mn VII | +6 | 46 |
| Mn VIII | +7 | 32 |
| Mn IX | +8 | 38 |
| Mn X | +9 | 46 |
Jari-jari Ion
Menampilkan 10 dari 15.
| Muatan | Koordinasi | Spin | Jari-jari |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | high | 66 pm |
| +2 | 5 | high | 75 pm |
| +2 | 6 | low | 67 pm |
| +2 | 6 | high | 83 pm |
| +2 | 7 | high | 90 pm |
| +2 | 8 | Tidak tersedia | 96 pm |
| +3 | 5 | Tidak tersedia | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 6 | low | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 6 | high | 64.5 pm |
| +4 | 4 | Tidak tersedia | 39 pm |
Senyawa
Isotop (1)
| Nomor massa | Massa atom (u) | Kelimpahan alami | Waktu paruh | Mode peluruhan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 55 Stabil | 54,93804391 ± 0,00000048 | 100,0000% | Stabil | stable |
Garis Spektrum
Menampilkan 50 dari 694. Secara bawaan, hanya garis spektrum dengan intensitas terukur yang ditampilkan.
| Panjang gelombang (nm) | Intensitas | Tahap ionisasi | Jenis | Transisi | Akurasi | Sumber | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 403.0753 nm | 27000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 403.3062 nm | 19000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 403.4483 nm | 11000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 404.1355 nm | 5600 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 380.6711 nm | 3200 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 382.3507 nm | 2100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 405.5544 nm | 1900 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 401.81 nm | 1500 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 383.4362 nm | 1300 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 404.8743 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 405.893 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 408.2939 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 408.3628 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 475.4042 nm | 1000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 8P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 482.3524 nm | 1000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 8P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 478.3427 nm | 940 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 8P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 445.1586 nm | 800 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 476.2367 nm | 750 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 406.173 nm | 730 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(5S).5s f 6S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 406.3528 nm | 730 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 407.9412 nm | 730 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 380.9592 nm | 700 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 384.1071 nm | 670 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 446.2031 nm | 510 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 432.6643 nm | 500 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 434.3983 nm | 500 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 476.6418 nm | 500 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 383.3861 nm | 480 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 382.3887 nm | 390 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 423.5295 nm | 370 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 383.9819 nm | 350 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 384.3984 nm | 350 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 441.489 nm | 350 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 476.5846 nm | 300 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 407.0278 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 425.7669 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 426.5923 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 446.4682 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 602.182 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 6S | Diukur | NIST | |
| 428.1097 nm | 270 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 445.8254 nm | 270 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 449.8902 nm | 240 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 450.2213 nm | 240 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 443.6357 nm | 210 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 445.7549 nm | 210 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D | Diukur | NIST | |
| 382.9718 nm | 200 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 384.4166 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(2F).4s b 3F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 3G* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 420.63677 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4P).4p z 5D* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 429.22329 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(2D).4s c 3D → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | Diukur | NIST | |
| 434.83962 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | Diukur | NIST |
Sifat Lanjutan
Jari-jari Kovalen (Lanjutan)
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö)
- 119 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö, ikatan rangkap dua)
- 105 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Pyykkö, ikatan rangkap tiga)
- 103 pm
- Jari-jari kovalen (Bragg)
- 147 pm
Jari-jari van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 296,1 pm
- MM3
- 224 pm
Jari-jari Atom & Logam
- Jari-jari atom (Rahm)
- 242 pm
- Jari-jari logam (C12)
- 127 pm
Skala Penomoran
- Mendeleev
- 55
- Pettifor
- 60
- Glawe
- 72
Skala Keelektronegatifan
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Polarizabilitas & Dispersi
- Polarizabilitas dipol
- 68 a.u.
- Polarizabilitas dipol (ketidakpastian)
- 9 a.u.
- C₆
- 552 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 635 Ha·Bohr6
Afinitas Kimia
- Afinitas proton
- 797,3 kJ/mol
- Kebasaan fase gas
- 774,4 kJ/mol
Parameter Miedema
- Volume molar Miedema
- 7,35 cm3/mol
- Kerapatan elektron Miedema
- 4
Risiko Pasokan & Ekonomi
- Konsentrasi produksi
- 33
- Risiko pasokan relatif
- 6
- Distribusi cadangan
- 24
- Stabilitas politik (produsen terbesar)
- 24
- Stabilitas politik (pemilik cadangan terbesar)
- 44
Transisi Fase & Alotrop
| Titik lebur | 1519,15 K |
| Titik didih | 2334,15 K |
| Titik kritis (suhu) | 4325,15 K |
Kategori Bilangan Oksidasi
Data Referensi Lanjutan
Konstanta Pemerisaian (7)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,6043 |
| 2 | p | 3,916 |
| 2 | s | 7,2062 |
| 3 | d | 14,4718 |
| 3 | p | 12,8908 |
| 3 | s | 11,9821 |
| 4 | s | 19,7168 |
Detail Jari-jari Kristal (15)
| Muatan | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Asal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | HS | 80 | |
| 2 | V | HS | 89 | calculated, |
| 2 | VI | LS | 81 | estimated, |
| 2 | VI | HS | 97 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 2 | VII | HS | 104 | calculated, |
| 2 | VIII | 110 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | V | 72 | ||
| 3 | VI | LS | 72 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 3 | VI | HS | 78,5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 4 | IV | 53 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
Mode Peluruhan Isotop (57)
| Isotop | Mode | Intensitas |
|---|---|---|
| 43 | p | — |
| 44 | p | — |
| 45 | p | — |
| 46 | B+ | 100% |
| 46 | B+p | 57% |
| 46 | 2p | 18% |
| 46 | B+A | — |
| 47 | B+ | 100% |
| 47 | B+p | 1,7% |
| 48 | B+ | 100% |
Faktor Hamburan Sinar-X (504)
| Energi (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1,8899 |
| 10,1617 | — | 1,92644 |
| 10,3261 | — | 1,96368 |
| 10,4931 | — | 2,00165 |
| 10,6628 | — | 2,04035 |
| 10,8353 | — | 2,0798 |
| 11,0106 | — | 2,12001 |
| 11,1886 | — | 2,161 |
| 11,3696 | — | 2,20278 |
| 11,5535 | — | 2,24537 |
Data Tambahan
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
9.50×102 milligrams per kilogram
Referensi (1)
- [5] Manganese https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele025.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-4 milligrams per liter
Referensi (1)
- [5] Manganese https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele025.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Manganese minerals are widely distributed, with oxides, silicates, and carbonates being the most common. Large quantities of manganese nodules are found on the ocean floor and may become a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese, together with many other elements in lesser abundance.
Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis.
Referensi (1)
- [6] Manganese https://periodic.lanl.gov/25.shtml
Referensi
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Manganese.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.