Actinium (Ac)
actinideSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
[227]इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Rn] 7s2 6d1गलनांक
1050.85 °Cक्वथनांक
3197.85 °Cघनत्व
1.007e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
+3विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
1.1आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
5.380235 eVखोज का वर्ष
1899परमाणु त्रिज्या
195 pmविवरण
Actinium is a radioactive actinide metal and the element that gives the actinide series its name. Natural actinium is present only in minute amounts, chiefly as ²²⁷Ac in uranium decay chains. Its chemistry is dominated by the +3 oxidation state and resembles that of lanthanum more than the later, more strongly 5f-influenced actinides. Because all isotopes are radioactive and scarce, most knowledge comes from tracer-scale chemistry rather than ordinary bulk handling.
Actinium-227, a decay product of uranium-235, is a beta emitter with a 21.6-year half-life. Its principal decay products are thorium-227 (18.5-day half-life), radium-223 (11.4-day half-life), and a number of short-lived products including radon, bismuth, polonium, and lead isotopes. In equilibrium with its decay products, it is a powerful source of alpha particles. Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor at about 1100 to 1300-degrees C. The chemical behavior of actinium is similar to that of the rare earths, particularly lanthanum. Purified actinium comes into equilibrium with its decay products at the end of 185 days, and then decays according to its 21.6-year half-life. It is about 150 times as active as radium, making it of value in the production of neutrons.
In April of 2012, Los Alamos National Laboratory announced a new medical isotope project that shows promise for rapidly producing major quantities of a new cancer-treatment agent, actinium 225 (Ac-225). Both a press release and a video are available.
Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, while experimenting with new methods of separating rare earth oxides. Friedrich Otto Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902. Actinium is a rare element that is present in uranium ores in tiny amounts, but it is usually cheaper and easier to create actinium when it is needed by bombarding radium with neutrons in a nuclear reactor.
Actinium's most stable isotope, actinium-227, has a half-life of 21.77 years. It decays into francium-223 through alpha decay or into thorium-227 through beta decay.
From the Greek aktis, aktinos, meaning beam or ray. Discovered by Andre Debierne in 1899 and independently by F. Giesel in 1902. Occurs naturally in association with uranium minerals.
A freshly prepared macroscopic sample has rarely been available. Metallic actinium is described as silvery, but its bulk appearance and many physical properties are not as well characterized as those of common metals. It is expected to tarnish rapidly in air and to be self-luminous in the dark from intense radioactivity exciting surrounding materials.
Actinium has no broad commercial use as an elemental material. ²²⁵Ac is important in research and limited clinical development for targeted alpha therapy, where it is attached to carrier molecules intended to deliver alpha-emitting decay products to diseased cells. ²²⁷Ac has been used as a source for generating ²²⁷Th and other decay-chain nuclides, and actinium isotopes are used in radiochemical research, detector calibration, and studies of actinide separation chemistry. Proposed neutron-source uses with light-element targets are historically noted but are not a major present application.
Actinium has no significant commercial applications, although it is used in the production of neutrons.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
227Ac (with a half-life of 21.77 years) has been used as a tracer of deep-sea mixing in the oceans. By determining concentrations of 227Ac in a water column, scientists can study the rates and patterns of mixing and other vertical exchange processes [583] W. Geibert, M. M. Rutgers van der Loeff, C. Hanfland, H. J. Dauelsberg. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett.198, 147 (2002).. As a product of the 235U decay chain, 227Ac and other radioisotopes have been used to determine information about the movement of fluids in mid-oceanic ridges and basaltic melts [584] D. McKenzie. Chem. Geol.162, 81 (2000)., [585] W. S. Moore, W. Ussler III, C. K. Paull. Mar. Chem.109, 421 (2008)..
Isotopes in Medicine
225Ac (with a half-life of 10 days) can be used in cancer treatments (Fig. IUPAC.89.1). The isotope is attached to a chelating agent (a substance that can form multiple bonds to a single metal ion) and delivered to the problem site. The emissions of alpha particles from actinium and its daughter products cause tumor death [586] M. R. McDevitt, D. Ma, L. T. Lai, J. Simon, P. Borchardt, R. K. Frank, K. Wu, V. Pellegrini, M. J. Curcio, M. Miederer, N. H. Bander, D. A. Scheinberg. Science294, 1537 (2001).. 225Ac in a series of alpha decays produces 213Bi (with a half-life of 0.76 h), which is also used for radioimmunotherapy [587] D. Ma, M. R. McDevitt, R. D. Finn, D. A. Scheinberg. Appl. Radiat. Isot.55, 667 (2001)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
225Ac, which is a pure alpha emitter, is used to produce 213Bi with an 225Ac/ 213Bi radionuclide generator (Fig. IUPAC.89.2). 213Bi is a mixed alpha and beta emitter. The primary mode of decay is by beta emission to the very short-lived, alpha emitter 213Po. The 8.4 MeV alpha particle emitted by 213Po has a path length of 76 μm in human tissue and is responsible for its cytotoxic effects.
Actinium chemistry is almost entirely trivalent, with Ac³⁺ forming colorless or pale salts in the absence of colored counterions. Representative compounds include actinium oxide, Ac₂O₃, actinium fluoride, AcF₃, actinium chloride, AcCl₃, and actinium hydroxide, Ac(OH)₃. The ion is large and hard, so it favors oxygen- and fluorine-donor ligands and forms sparingly soluble fluorides, phosphates, oxalates, and hydroxides. Higher oxidation states are not established for ordinary actinium chemistry.
See more information at the Actinium compound page.
All actinium isotopes are radioactive, and safety depends strongly on isotope, activity, chemical form, and route of exposure. ²²⁷Ac is long-lived enough to persist and produces a chain of radioactive daughters, while ²²⁵Ac is a potent alpha emitter used only under controlled radiochemical conditions. Internal uptake is the principal concern because alpha particles cause severe local ionization in tissue. External gamma radiation from daughter products can also require shielding and remote handling.
Natural actinium occurs at trace levels in uranium-bearing minerals as part of decay chains and is continuously formed and lost by radioactive decay. In the environment Ac³⁺ is expected to bind strongly to mineral surfaces, organic matter, and phosphate- or carbonate-containing solids, limiting mobility under many conditions. It has no known biological role. Releases outside specialized nuclear or radiochemical settings are uncommon, and environmental behavior is inferred largely from tracer studies and analog chemistry.
Actinium is not traded as a bulk commodity. Usable quantities are obtained by radiochemical separation from decay products or by accelerator and reactor routes, depending on the isotope required. ²²⁵Ac supply is especially constrained because it must be isolated from suitable parent nuclides or produced by irradiation, followed by difficult purification from chemically similar actinides and radioactive daughters. Costs and availability are therefore governed by nuclear infrastructure, isotope purity, licensing, and short logistical timelines rather than mining demand. Recycling is mainly recovery from radiochemical processing streams.
Extremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with neutrons in a reactor.
Actinium has no stable isotopes, so any primordial actinium has long since decayed. In nature and in planetary materials it exists only as a transient member of heavy-element decay chains, especially those derived from uranium and thorium. The heavy nuclei that ultimately feed these chains were produced by neutron-capture processes in earlier stellar events, but actinium itself is not a significant cosmic reservoir.
- Actinium was discovered through its radioactivity before its chemistry could be studied in ordinary amounts.
- The name comes from the Greek word for a ray or beam.
- ²²⁷Ac is a decay product in the ²³⁵U series.
- The element is usually handled at tracer scale, where carrier chemistry is often needed.
- Ac³⁺ is among the largest tripositive actinide ions.
- Separating actinium from lanthanum is chemically difficult because their ionic behavior is similar.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 195 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 215 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 260 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 1.007 × 104 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.02254 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 1050.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 3197.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.12 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 27.2 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- फलक-केंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.1 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.35 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 5.380235 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 11.75004 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 17.43606 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 44.800154 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 55.000189 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- +3 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 3 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Rn] 7s2 6d1
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.14510027 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 4.145722 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 4.456651 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 4.456651 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 4.207908 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 89 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 138 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 33 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 0 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- द्रव्यमान संख्या (सबसे स्थिर)
- 227
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Ac-227
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1899
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 5.5e-10 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 531 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-34-8 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 2D3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ac
- InChI कुंजी
- QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Ac: 6d¹ 7s²[Rn] 6d¹ 7s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶ 6d¹ 7s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
कोई स्थिर समस्थानिक नहीं है।
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 212 रेडियोधर्मी | 212.007813 ± 0.000055 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 895 ms |
| 213 रेडियोधर्मी | 213.006609 ± 0.000056 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 738 ms |
| 216 रेडियोधर्मी | 216.008743 ± 0.000012 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 440 us |
| 210 रेडियोधर्मी | 210.009436 ± 0.000062 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 350 ms |
| 211 रेडियोधर्मी | 211.007732 ± 0.000057 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 213 ms |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (1050.85 °C) से 1025.8 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
89 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ac I | 0 | 153 | 95 | 113 |
| Ac II | +1 | 345 | 294 | 319 |
| Ac III | +2 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Ac IV | +3 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Ac I | 0 | 53 |
| Ac II | +1 | 84 |
| Ac III | +2 | 8 |
| Ac IV | +3 | 2 |
| Ac V | +4 | 2 |
| Ac VI | +5 | 2 |
| Ac VII | +6 | 2 |
| Ac VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Ac IX | +8 | 2 |
| Ac X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 112.00000000000001 pm |
| +3 | 9 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 122 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (5)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 212 रेडियोधर्मी | 212.007813 ± 0.000055 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 895 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 213 रेडियोधर्मी | 213.006609 ± 0.000056 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 738 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 216 रेडियोधर्मी | 216.008743 ± 0.000012 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 440 us | α =100%β+ ? | |
| 210 रेडियोधर्मी | 210.009436 ± 0.000062 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 350 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? | |
| 211 रेडियोधर्मी | 211.007732 ± 0.000057 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 213 ms | α ≈100%β+ ? |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
213 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 391.4468 nm | 24000 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 5f.7s 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 417.99772 nm | 17000 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 481.2218 nm | 16000 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 7s.7p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 438.64 nm | 15000 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 1D → 6d.7p 1D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 397.736 nm | 13000 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 445.2188 nm | 12000 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 6d.7p 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 388.55592 nm | 9000 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 401.9622 nm | 8700 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 5f.6d 1G* | मापित | NIST | |
| 544.6367 nm | 8700 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 435.9118 nm | 7300 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 7s.7p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 446.27307 nm | 6900 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 471.65807 nm | 6900 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 495.8233 nm | 6800 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 1D → 6d.7p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 384.304 nm | 6600 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 392.0101 nm | 6500 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3P → 5f.6d 1D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 418.31199 nm | 6400 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 439.67158 nm | 5800 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 419.43971 nm | 5300 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 494.5181 nm | 5300 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 496.0869 nm | 4900 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 461.39285 nm | 4000 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 527.15603 nm | 3800 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 406.31064 nm | 3700 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 407.8693 nm | 3700 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 6d.7p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 403.4629 nm | 3500 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d2.(3F).7p 4G* | मापित | NIST | |
| 420.9682 nm | 3500 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 3D → 5f.7s 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 669.5231 nm | 3300 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 474.0522 nm | 2600 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 1G → 6d.7p 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 515.6541 nm | 2100 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 5f.7s 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 383.53206 nm | 1900 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 488.9102 nm | 1800 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 5f.7s 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 480.7843 nm | 1700 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7s 1D → 6d.7p 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 534.47384 nm | 1700 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4G* | मापित | NIST | |
| 400.5469 nm | 1500 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 1G → 5f.6d 3G* | मापित | NIST | |
| 536.2615 nm | 1400 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 1D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 522.8309 nm | 1300 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(3D).7p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 454.408 nm | 1200 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 1D → 7s.7p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 461.01055 nm | 1100 | Ac I | emission | 6d.7s2 2D → 6d.7s.(1D).7p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 422.599 nm | 1000 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 387.7035 nm | 980 | Ac II | emission | 6d.7p 3P* → 5f.7p 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 420.89072 nm | 960 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 469.05284 nm | 960 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 521.5399 nm | 960 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3P → 6d.7p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 486.88523 nm | 890 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 526.4481 nm | 890 | Ac I | emission | 7s2.7p 2P* → 7s2.8s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 440.21056 nm | 860 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.18106 nm | 850 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 421.80204 nm | 740 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3P).7p 2D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 462.16811 nm | 710 | Ac I | emission | 6d2.(3F).7s 4F → 6d2.(3F).7p 4F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 426.8209 nm | 570 | Ac II | emission | 6d2 3F → 6d.7p 3P* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 186 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 153 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 140 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Alvarez
- 280 pm
- UFF
- 347.8 pm
- MM3
- 308 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 293 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 14
- Pettifor
- 48
- Glawe
- 33
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 203 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 12 a.u.
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 1323.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 3473.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (2)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 126 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | — | 136 |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (56)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 205 | A | 100% |
| 205 | B+ | — |
| 206 | A | 100% |
| 206 | B+ | — |
| 207 | A | 100% |
| 208 | A | 100% |
| 208 | B+ | — |
| 209 | A | 100% |
| 209 | B+ | — |
| 210 | A | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (516)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.19484 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.15672 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.11982 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.0841 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.04952 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.01604 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.98234 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.94669 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.91233 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.88152 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
5.5×10-10 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Actinium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele089.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Actinium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele089.html
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Actinium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.