Mercury (Hg)
transition-metalLiquid
मानक परमाणु भार
200.592 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10गलनांक
-38.83 °Cक्वथनांक
356.73 °Cघनत्व
1.35336e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−2, +1, +2विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
2आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
10.437504 eVखोज का वर्ष
उपलब्ध नहींपरमाणु त्रिज्या
150 pmविवरण
Mercury is a heavy, silvery transition metal with the distinctive feature of being liquid near ordinary room temperature. It has a filled 5d shell and commonly forms +1 and +2 compounds, with covalent character more prominent than in many lighter metals. Mercury has been used in instruments, electrical devices, and gold extraction, but many uses have declined because its vapor and several compounds are highly toxic.
It is a heavy, silvery-white metal; a rather poor conductor of heat, as compared with other metals, and a fair conductor of electricity. It easily forms alloys with many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, which are called amalgams. Its ease in amalgamating with gold is made use of in the recovery of gold from its ores. The most important salts are mercury chloride (corrosive sublimate - a violent poison), mercurous chloride (calomel, occasionally still used in medicine), mercury fulminate, a detonator widely used in explosives, and mercuric sulfide (vermilion, a high-grade paint pigment). Organic mercury compounds are important. It has been found that an electrical discharge causes mercury vapor to combine with neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. These products, held together with van der Waals' forces, correspond to HgNe, HgAr, HgKr, and HgXe. Mercury is a virulent poison and is readily absorbed through the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, or through unbroken skin. It acts as a cumulative poison and dangerous levels are readily attained in air. Air saturated with mercury vapor at 20°C contains a concentration that exceeds the toxicity limits. The danger increases at higher temperatures. It is important therefore that mercury be handled with care. Containers of mercury should be securely covered and spillage should be avoided. If it is necessary to heat mercury or mercury compounds, it should be done in a well-ventilated hood. Methyl mercury is a dangerous pollutant and is now widely found in water and streams. The triple point of mercury, -38.8344C, is a fixed point on the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90).
The name derives from the Roman god Mercury, the nimble messenger of the gods, because the ancients used that name for the element known from prehistoric times. The symbol Hg derives from the Greek hydrargyrum for "liquid silver" or "quick silver".
Mercury was known to the ancient Chinese and Hindus and has been found in 3500 year old Egyptian tombs. Mercury is not usually found free in nature and is primarily obtained from the mineral cinnabar (HgS). Spain and Italy produce about half of the world's supply of Mercury.
From Greek hydoor. Known to ancient Chinese and Hindus; found in Egyptian tombs of 1500 B.C. Mercury is the only common metal liquid at ordinary temperatures. It only rarely occurs free in nature. The chief ore is cinnabar; Spain and Italy produce about 50% of the world's supply of the metal. The commercial unit for handling mercury is the "flask," which weighs 76 lb. The metal is obtained by heating cinnabar in a current of air and by condensing the vapor.
Pure mercury is a dense, mirror-bright liquid at room temperature, forming rounded droplets with high surface tension. It freezes to a soft, silvery solid below −38.83 °C and boils at 356.73 °C. Clean mercury wets few common surfaces but readily forms amalgams with many metals.
Mercury was historically important in thermometers, barometers, manometers, tilt switches, fluorescent lamps, dental amalgam, and laboratory electrodes. Some of these uses persist under restrictions or in specialized settings. Mercury vapor remains useful in certain discharge lamps, and mercury compounds have had roles as catalysts, reagents, and preservatives, though many have been replaced. Elemental mercury is still used in some artisanal and small-scale gold mining, a practice associated with substantial emissions.
Mercury can be used to make thermometers, barometers and other scientific instruments. Mercury conducts electricity and is used to make silent, position dependent switches. Mercury vapor is used in streetlights, fluorescent lamps and advertising signs.
Mercury easily forms alloys with other metals, such as gold, silver, zinc and cadmium. These alloys are called amalgams. Amalgams are used to help extract gold from its ores, create dental fillings (in the case of silver) and help extend the life of dry cell batteries (in the case of zinc and cadmium).
Mercury forms useful compounds with other elements. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is a very poisonous salt and was once used to disinfect wounds. Mercurous chloride (Hg2Cl2), also called calomel, is an antiseptic used to kill bacteria. Mercuric sulfide (HgS) is used to make a red paint pigment called vermilion. Mercuric oxide (HgO) is used to make mercury batteries.
Mercury is poisonous and can enter the body through the respiratory tract, the digestive tract or directly through the skin. It accumulates in the body, eventually causing severe illness or death.
The metal is widely used in laboratory work for making thermometers, barometers, diffusion pumps, and many other instruments. It is used in making mercury-vapor lamps and advertising signs, etc. and is used in mercury switches and other electronic apparatus. Other uses are in making pesticides, Mercury cells for caustic soda and chlorine production, dental preparations, anti-fouling paint, batteries, and catalysts.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
198Hg, 200Hg, and 202Hg are stable isotopes of mercury that can be used to study environmental sources and environmental sinks of this element in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. For example, in an ecosystem, different stable isotopes of mercury can be added to an upland region for run-off evaluation, to a lake for direct deposition analysis, and to a wetland region for outflow contribution analysis (Fig. IUPAC.80.1). As a result, it is possible to determine the entry points of mercury into an ecosystem and determine how the inputs of mercury affect the accumulation of this element in local fish populations. An international consortium of scientists is conducting an experiment called METAALICUS (Mercury Experiment To Assess Atmospheric Loading In Canada and the U.S.). This experiment includes determination of whether mercury contamination in fish is old or new mercury. Tracer studies were performed in northwestern Ontario at the Experimental Lakes Area of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada [537] Toxic Substances Hydrology Program. Mercury-Contaminated Fish-Is it Old or New Mercury? U.S. Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 26; http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/mercury_contaminated_fish.html..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
202Hg is used to produce radioactive 203Hg (with a half-life of 46.6 days) via the 202Hg (n, γ) 203Hg reaction, which is used in gamma radiation calibration and medical tests.
Mercury chemistry is dominated by mercury(I) and mercury(II). Mercury(I) usually exists as the dimeric cation Hg₂²⁺, represented in mercury(I) chloride, Hg₂Cl₂. Mercury(II) chloride, HgCl₂, is more soluble and highly toxic. Mercury(II) sulfide, HgS, occurs as cinnabar and is very insoluble. Organomercury compounds such as methylmercury, CH₃Hg⁺, are environmentally important because they are readily bioaccumulated. Mercury forms amalgams with metals such as silver, gold, and tin.
See more information at the Mercury compound page.
Elemental mercury is hazardous mainly through inhalation of vapor, which is produced even at room temperature and can accumulate in poorly ventilated spaces. Soluble mercury(II) salts are corrosive and systemically toxic, while methylmercury, CH₃Hg⁺, is a potent neurotoxin that concentrates in food webs. Spills are treated as chemical contamination because droplets are persistent and difficult to remove. Heating mercury greatly increases vapor exposure.
Mercury is naturally released by volcanic activity, weathering, geothermal emissions, and ocean-atmosphere exchange, but human activities have greatly redistributed it. Coal combustion, metal smelting, waste burning, and gold mining are major anthropogenic sources. In aquatic sediments, microbes can convert inorganic mercury to methylmercury, CH₃Hg⁺, which biomagnifies in predatory fish and wildlife. Mercury can travel long distances in the atmosphere before deposition.
Mercury is produced mainly from cinnabar ore, HgS, and in some regions as a by-product of nonferrous metal processing or from recycling. Demand has fallen in many industrialized markets because of regulation and substitution in instruments, batteries, switches, and chlor-alkali technology. Supply is affected by restrictions on trade and storage as well as recovery from obsolete equipment. Significant consumption persists where alternatives are costly or poorly enforced, especially in small-scale gold extraction.
Virtually all mercury comes from cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Some sources of red cinnabar are so rich in mercury that droplets of elemental mercury can be found in random samples.
Mercury is a rare heavy element in cosmic terms. Its stable isotopes were formed chiefly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with later redistribution into the solar nebula. In the Solar System it is present in trace amounts in rocky bodies and meteorites, but it is volatile enough that planetary abundance depends strongly on condensation, heating, and loss processes.
- The chemical symbol Hg comes from hydrargyrum, meaning liquid silver.
- Mercury expands fairly uniformly with temperature, which made it valuable in older thermometers.
- Cinnabar, HgS, was used historically as the red pigment vermilion.
- Mercury droplets can divide into many beads, increasing surface area and vapor release.
- Aluminum structures can be damaged by mercury because amalgamation disrupts protective oxide behavior.
- Most dental amalgam is an alloy phase mixture rather than pure mercury.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 150 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 132 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 209 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 139 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 1.35336 × 104 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0148 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- द्रव सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- -38.83 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 356.73 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 8.3 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.14 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 27.983 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- समचतुर्भुजीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 2 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 1.76
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- -0.5 eV (ऋणात्मक मान — परमाणु द्वारा अतिरिक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन बांधने की भविष्यवाणी नहीं)
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 10.437504 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 18.756945 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 34.490119 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 48.550167 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 61.200211 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −2, +1, +2 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 12 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10
ऊष्मागतिक
- त्रिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- -38.8344 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान)
- 1491 °C
- क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब)
- 1.67e+8 Pa
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.02373426 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 0.61263409 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 0.63636835 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 0.63636835 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 0.63616106 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 80 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 122 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 47 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 6 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Hg-202
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 0.085 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 3 × 10−5 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 299 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7439-97-6 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Hg
- InChI कुंजी
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Hg: 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 198 स्थिर | 197.9667686 ± 0.00000052 | 9.9700% | स्थिर |
| 199 स्थिर | 198.96828064 ± 0.00000046 | 16.8700% | स्थिर |
| 200 स्थिर | 199.96832659 ± 0.00000047 | 23.1000% | स्थिर |
| 201 स्थिर | 200.97030284 ± 0.00000069 | 13.1800% | स्थिर |
| 202 स्थिर | 201.9706434 ± 0.00000069 | 29.8600% | स्थिर |
| 204 स्थिर | 203.97349398 ± 0.00000053 | 6.8700% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (-38.83 °C) और क्वथनांक (356.73 °C) के बीच
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
द्रव प्रावस्था के लिए उपलब्ध नहीं है
उन्नत
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
81 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hg I | 0 | 754 | 53 | 708 |
| 198Hg I समस्थानिक | 0 | 210 | 0 | 210 |
| Hg II | +1 | 554 | 446 | 463 |
| Hg III | +2 | 52 | 0 | 0 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Hg I | 0 | 299 |
| 198Hg I समस्थानिक | 0 | 61 |
| Hg II | +1 | 115 |
| Hg III | +2 | 94 |
| Hg IV | +3 | 61 |
| Hg V | +4 | 2 |
| Hg VI | +5 | 2 |
| Hg VII | +6 | 2 |
| Hg VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Hg IX | +8 | 2 |
ठोस प्रावस्था के लिए क्रिस्टल संरचना का डेटा उपलब्ध नहीं है
क्रिस्टल संरचना: rhombohedral
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 3 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 97 pm |
| +1 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 119 pm |
| +2 | 2 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 69 pm |
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 96 pm |
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 102 pm |
| +2 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 113.99999999999999 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (6)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 198 स्थिर | 197.9667686 ± 0.00000052 | 9.9700% ± 0.2000% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 199 स्थिर | 198.96828064 ± 0.00000046 | 16.8700% ± 0.2200% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 200 स्थिर | 199.96832659 ± 0.00000047 | 23.1000% ± 0.1900% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 201 स्थिर | 200.97030284 ± 0.00000069 | 13.1800% ± 0.0900% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 202 स्थिर | 201.9706434 ± 0.00000069 | 29.8600% ± 0.2600% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 204 स्थिर | 203.97349398 ± 0.00000053 | 6.8700% ± 0.1500% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
218 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 542.5249 nm | 8000000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.6d 2D → 5d10.5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 587.12779 nm | 1200000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.7d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 559.526 nm | 200000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.6d 2D → 5d10.5f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 520.4768 nm | 150000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 629.123 nm | 65000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.5f 2F* → 5d10.6g 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 639.4888 nm | 55000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.5f 2F* → 5d10.6g 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 380.63154 nm | 50000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 439.8623 nm | 40000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.8d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 521.6379 nm | 40000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 466.0216 nm | 30000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<1>)* → 5d10.7d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 527.7593 nm | 18000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 482.5564 nm | 17000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,3/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 514.6293 nm | 15000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.65643 nm | 12000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 435.83363 nm | 12000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 383.9255 nm | 10000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7s 2S → 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,1P<1>)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 546.07498 nm | 6000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 391.43142 nm | 5000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<2>)* → 5d9.6s.7s [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,1/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.0447 nm | 4000 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7p 2P* → 5d10.9s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 449.28309 nm | 2800 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.6d 2D → 5d10.8p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 664.66839 nm | 1300 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s2 2D → 5d9.6s2 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 506.6497 nm | 1200 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,3/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 382.89121 nm | 1000 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<2>)* → 5d9.6s.7s [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,1/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 407.7837 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 3P* → 5d10.6s.7s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 576.96095 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 690.746 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.8p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 708.1901 nm | 1000 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.8p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 579.06705 nm | 900 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.6d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 709.186 nm | 800 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.8p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 567.588 nm | 600 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.9p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 671.636 nm | 600 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 580.3783 nm | 400 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d10.6s.10p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 474.2296 nm | 300 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,3/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 434.74951 nm | 150 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.7d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 594.7682 nm | 150 | Hg II | emission | 5d10.7d 2D → 5d10.8f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 535.4036 nm | 130 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.10p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 585.9254 nm | 130 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.9p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 496.017 nm | 100 | Hg I | emission | 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).7s 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 510.0945 nm | 100 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 410.8054 nm | 70 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.9s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 512.0637 nm | 70 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.11p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 509.8561 nm | 60 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6d [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2] → 5d9.6s.5f [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 380.16582 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.10s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 382.037 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 5d9.6s2.(2D<5/2>).7s 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.7742 nm | 50 | Hg II | emission | 5d9.6s.6p (2D<3/2>,3P<2>)* → 5d9.6s.7s [(2D<5/2>,1/2)<3>,1/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 433.92228 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 538.4627 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 3S → 5d10.6s.10p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 554.9636 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d10.6s.11p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 623.435 nm | 50 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.7s 1S → 5d10.6s.9p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 390.6383 nm | 40 | Hg I | emission | 5d10.6s.6p 1P* → 5d10.6s.8d 1D | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 133 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 142 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 270.5 pm
- MM3
- 253 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 229 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 151 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 79
- Pettifor
- 74
- Glawe
- 76
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 33.91 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.34 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 268 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 14.08 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 2
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 74
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 9
- भंडार वितरण
- 29
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 23
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 234.32 K |
| क्वथनांक | 629.77 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 1764.15 K |
| क्रांतिक बिंदु (दाब) | 167 MPa |
| त्रिक बिंदु (तापमान) | 234.32 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (14)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.5419 |
| 2 | p | 4.499 |
| 2 | s | 20.8906 |
| 3 | d | 13.4804 |
| 3 | p | 22.4798 |
| 3 | s | 23.4587 |
| 4 | d | 37.532 |
| 4 | f | 38.2392 |
| 4 | p | 35.594 |
| 4 | s | 34.7552 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (6)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | III | 111 | ||
| 1 | VI | 133 | ||
| 2 | II | 83 | ||
| 2 | IV | 110 | ||
| 2 | VI | 116 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 128 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (76)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 170 | A | 100% |
| 171 | A | 100% |
| 171 | B+ | — |
| 172 | A | 100% |
| 172 | B+ | — |
| 173 | A | 100% |
| 174 | A | 100% |
| 174 | B+ | — |
| 175 | A | 100% |
| 175 | B+ | — |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (516)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 3.07253 |
| 10.1617 | — | 3.05926 |
| 10.3261 | — | 3.04605 |
| 10.4931 | — | 3.0329 |
| 10.6628 | — | 3.0198 |
| 10.8353 | — | 3.00676 |
| 11.0106 | — | 3.02448 |
| 11.1886 | — | 3.04517 |
| 11.3696 | — | 3.066 |
| 11.5535 | — | 3.08698 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
3×10-5 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Mercury.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.