Iridium (Ir)
transition-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
192.217 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d7गलनांक
2445.85 °Cक्वथनांक
4427.85 °Cघनत्व
2.25622e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
−3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
2.2आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
8.96702 eVखोज का वर्ष
1803परमाणु त्रिज्या
135 pmविवरण
Iridium is a very dense platinum-group transition metal with exceptional resistance to corrosion and high-temperature attack. It occurs naturally mainly with platinum-group minerals and in nickel-copper sulfide ores. Chemically it forms robust complexes, especially in oxidation states +3 and +4, and it is notable for the global iridium anomaly associated with the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary impact layer.
Iridium, a metal of the platinum family, is white (similar to platinum) but with a slight yellowish cast. Because iridium is very hard and brittle, it is hard to machine, form, or work.
It is the most corrosion-resistant metal known, and was used in making the standard meter bar of Paris, which is a 90 percent platinum and 10 percent iridium alloy. This meter bar was replaced in 1960 as a fundamental unit of length (see Krypton).
Iridium is not attacked by any of the acids nor by aqua regia, but is attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN. The specific gravity of iridium is to osmium's specific gravity. Calculations of the densities of iridium and osmium from the space lattices give values of 22.65 and 22.61 g/cm^3, respectively. These values may be more reliable than actual physical measurements for determining which element is heavier.
The name derives from the Latin Iris, the Greek goddess of rainbows, because of the variety of colours in the element's salt solutions. Iridium and osmium were both discovered in a crude platinum ore in 1803 by the English chemist Smithson Tennant. Iridium was discovered independently by the French chemist H. V. Collet-Descotils, who actually published his paper one month before Tennant, but Tennant is given credit for the discovery, perhaps because he alone also found osmium in the ore.
Iridium and osmium were discovered at the same time by the British chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803. Iridium and osmium were identified in the black residue remaining after dissolving platinum ore with aqua regia, a mixture of 25% nitric acid (HNO3) and 75% hydrochloric acid (HCl). Today, iridium is still obtained from platinum ores and as a by-product of mining nickel.
From the Latin word iris meaning rainbow. Tennant discovered iridium in 1803 in the residue left when crude platinum is dissolved by aqua regia. The name iridium is appropriate because its salts are highly colored.
Pure iridium is a hard, brittle, silvery-white metal with a high luster. It remains bright in air under ordinary conditions and has an unusually high melting point. Bulk metal is difficult to machine because of its hardness and brittleness.
Iridium is used where chemical durability and high-temperature strength justify its cost. Major applications include crucibles for growing oxide crystals, spark-plug electrodes, electrical contacts, and wear-resistant alloys with platinum or osmium. Iridium coatings and components are used in some aerospace and industrial equipment. Radioisotope thermoelectric generators have used ¹⁹²Ir? No; ¹⁹²Ir is chiefly a gamma source for industrial radiography and some brachytherapy, not an energy source.
Pure iridium is very brittle and is nearly impossible to machine. It is primarily used as a hardening agent for platinum. Platinum-iridium alloys are used to make crucibles and other high temperature equipment. Iridium is also alloyed with osmium to make the tips of fountain pens and compass bearings.
Iridium is the most corrosive resistant metal known. For this reason, the standard meter bar was created from an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. This bar was replaced as the definition of the meter in 1960 when the meter was redefined in terms of the orange-red spectral line of krypton-86.
A thin, worldwide layer of iridium exists in a layer of sediment that was put down at the end of the Cretaceous period. Since meteors and asteroids contain a higher percentage of iridium than the earth's crust, this iridium enriched layer is seen as evidence that the earth was struck by a large meteor or asteroid at that time. Dust from the impact would have spread around the globe, depositing the iridium. The dust also would have blocked the sun for a time, resulting in the extinction of many plant and animal species, including the dinosaurs.
Although its principal use is as a hardening agent for platinum, iridium is also used to make crucibles and devices requiring high temperatures. It is also used for electrical contacts.
The element forms an alloy with osmium which is used for tipping pens and compass bearings.
Isotopes in Industry
Metallic 192Ir (with a half-life of 74 days) is used as a radiation source in gamma cameras for non-destructive testing of products for manufacturing flaws, such as aircraft parts, boilers, and pipeline welds (Fig. IUPAC.77.1) [274] P. Hayward, D. Currie. “Radiography of welds using seleniuim 75, Ir 192 and x-rays”, in Asia-Pacific Conference on NDT, Auckland, New Zealand (2006)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Metallic 192Ir is used in brachytherapy [188] S. J. Adelstein, F. J. Manning. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, pp. 20–25, National Academy Press, Washington DC (1995)., [521] A. Talamo, Y. Gohar. Radioactive Isotope Production for Medical Applications Using Kharkov Electron Driven Subcritical Assembly Facility, ANL-07/18, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, Illinois (2007)., [522] S. A. Buzdar, M. A. Gadhi, M. A. Rao, N. A. Laghari, M. Anees. J. Pak. Med. Assoc.59, 113 (2009)., [523] T. Genkaa, S. Iwamotoa, E. Juitab, N. Takeuchia. Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment.369, 709 (1996).. 191mIr (with a half-life of 5 s) is used for blood flow imaging (angiography), especially in pediatric populations [524] K. J. Kairemo, M. S. Kestilä, S. Savolainen, O. A. Korhola, J. V. Hiltunen, R. I. Svahn, E. T. Korppi Tommola, F. F. Knapp, C. Brihaye. J. Nucl. Biol. Med.38, 86 (1994)., [525] S. T. Treves, A. B. Packard, L. C. T. Fung. J. Nucl. Med.45, 508 (2004).. The m in the superscript 191mIr indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
Iridium consists of two stable isotopes (191Ir and 193Ir) from which the radioactive isotopes 192Ir and 195mPt (with a half-life of 4 days) can be produced. Both are used in nuclear medicine. The m in the superscript 195mPt indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Iridium chemistry is dominated by coordination compounds and oxides rather than simple salts. Common oxidation states are +3 and +4, while lower and higher states occur in organometallic or strongly oxidizing systems. Iridium(IV) oxide, IrO₂, is an electrically conducting oxide used in dimensionally stable anodes and electrochemical research. Hexachloroiridic acid, H₂IrCl₆, and related chloroiridate salts are important refining and precursor compounds. The complex [Ir(ppy)₃] is a representative phosphorescent organoiridium emitter.
See more information at the Iridium compound page.
Massive iridium metal is chemically inert and has low acute toxicity, but finely divided powder can present dust and fire hazards. Soluble iridium salts and organoiridium compounds should be treated as potentially toxic because biological effects are compound-specific and incompletely characterized. The radionuclide ¹⁹²Ir emits penetrating gamma radiation and requires strict shielding and source control.
Iridium is extremely scarce in the crust and is usually dispersed with other platinum-group elements. Natural mobility is low because the metal and many of its minerals are resistant to weathering, although complexing ligands and industrial processing can mobilize small amounts. The sharp enrichment of iridium in some boundary clays is widely used as evidence for extraterrestrial material mixed into sediment.
Iridium is recovered chiefly as a by-product of platinum-group metal refining from nickel-copper sulfide ores and platinum placers. Supply is constrained by the production of the host metals, complex separation chemistry, and limited primary deposits. Demand is small but specialized, so substitution is possible in some electrical and catalytic uses but difficult in high-temperature crucibles and certain corrosion-resistant components. Recycling from spent electrodes, crucibles, and industrial scrap is important because the metal is rare and costly to replace.
Iridium occurs uncombined in nature with platinum and other metals of this family in alluvial deposits. It is recovered as a by-product from the nickel mining industry.
Iridium is a heavy r-process and s-process element made in late stellar evolution and explosive astrophysical environments. In the Solar System it is far more abundant in primitive meteorites than in Earth’s crust, because much of Earth’s original inventory partitioned into the core during differentiation. This siderophile behavior makes iridium a sensitive tracer of meteoritic input.
- Iridium is one of the densest elements, close to osmium in measured density.
- The name comes from Iris, reflecting the varied colors of some iridium salts.
- Iridium metal resists attack by aqua regia better than most noble metals.
- The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary layer is enriched in iridium relative to ordinary crustal rocks.
- Iridium crucibles are used to grow some high-melting oxide crystals.
- Natural iridium consists mainly of the stable isotopes ¹⁹¹Ir and ¹⁹³Ir.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 135 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 141 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 202 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 127 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 2.25622 × 104 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.00854 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 2445.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 4427.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 147 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.131 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 25.1 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- फलक-केंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.2 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 1.68
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 1.565 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 8.96702 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 17.000059 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 28.000096 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 40.000138 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 57.000196 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 9 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d7
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.27050837 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 6.26004 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 6.944085 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 6.944085 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 6.93372 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 77 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 116 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 43 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 2 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Ir-193
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1803
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 0.001 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 384 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7439-88-5 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 4F9/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ir
- InChI कुंजी
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Ir: 4f¹⁴ 5d⁷ 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d⁷ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d⁷ 6s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 191 स्थिर | 190.9605893 ± 0.0000021 | 37.3000% | स्थिर |
| 193 स्थिर | 192.9629216 ± 0.0000021 | 62.7000% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (2445.85 °C) से 2420.8 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
77 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ir I | 0 | 402 | 70 | 398 |
| Ir II | +1 | 473 | 129 | 473 |
| Ir IV | +3 | 1374 | 1374 | 1374 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Ir I | 0 | 231 |
| Ir II | +1 | 76 |
| Ir III | +2 | 2 |
| Ir IV | +3 | 224 |
| Ir V | +4 | 2 |
| Ir VI | +5 | 2 |
| Ir VII | +6 | 2 |
| Ir VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Ir IX | +8 | 2 |
| Ir X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 68 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 62.5 pm |
| +5 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 56.99999999999999 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (2)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 191 स्थिर | 190.9605893 ± 0.0000021 | 37.3000% ± 0.2000% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 193 स्थिर | 192.9629216 ± 0.0000021 | 62.7000% ± 0.2000% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 382.7577 nm | 58 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2D2).6s 3D → 5d7.(4F<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 384.593 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2G).6s 1G → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,3/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 387.3624 nm | 9 | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4P<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 389.558 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4F<7/2>).6p (7/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 395.1973 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 395.2882 nm | 8 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2H).6s 3H → 5d6.6s.(6D<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 397.882 nm | 6 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5664* | मापित | NIST | |
| 398.6377 nm | 5 | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4F<3/2>).6p (3/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 399.0389 nm | 6 | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 3H → 6197* | मापित | NIST | |
| 400.1961 nm | 12 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2D2).6s 3D → 5d7.(4P<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 402.5321 nm | 4 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5d6.6s.(6D<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 402.5399 nm | 29 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2D2).6s 3D → 5d7.(4F<7/2>).6p (7/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.1381 nm | 45 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2H).6s 3H → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 404.4911 nm | 7 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,3/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 410.8315 nm | 48 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5d7.(4F<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 411.7209 nm | 3 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2G).6s 3G → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 412.8911 nm | 17 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2P).6s 3P → 5d7.(4P<1/2>).6p (1/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 413.91 nm | 21 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2P).6s 3P → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,3/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 439.0196 nm | 4 | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4P<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 443.3888 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5d6.6s.(6D<7/2>).6p (7/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 454.5672 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2H).6s 3H → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 461.1752 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2F).6s 3F → 5d7.(4P<5/2>).6p (5/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.5844 nm | 5 | Ir II | emission | 5d7.(2G).6s 3G → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST | |
| 479.5262 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Ir II | emission | 5d6.6s2 5D → 5d7.(4F<9/2>).6p (9/2,1/2)* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 122 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 115 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 107 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 241 pm
- UFF
- 284 pm
- MM3
- 236 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 240 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 136 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 65
- Pettifor
- 65
- Glawe
- 62
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 6
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 6
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 54 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 7 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 522 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 8.52 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 6
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 60
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 8
- भंडार वितरण
- 95
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 44
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 44
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 2719.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 4701.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (14)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.4881 |
| 2 | p | 4.4624 |
| 2 | s | 20.1102 |
| 3 | d | 13.514 |
| 3 | p | 21.9311 |
| 3 | s | 22.7942 |
| 4 | d | 37.2628 |
| 4 | f | 38.6552 |
| 4 | p | 35.086 |
| 4 | s | 34.152 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (3)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 82 | estimated, | |
| 4 | VI | 76.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | VI | 71 | estimated, from metallic oxides, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (64)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 163 | p | — |
| 164 | p | — |
| 164 | A | — |
| 164 | B+ | — |
| 165 | p | — |
| 165 | A | — |
| 166 | A | 93% |
| 166 | p | 7% |
| 167 | A | 43.5% |
| 167 | p | 38.6% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (515)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2.22753 |
| 10.1617 | — | 2.30683 |
| 10.3261 | — | 2.38895 |
| 10.4931 | — | 2.474 |
| 10.6628 | — | 2.56207 |
| 10.8353 | — | 2.65417 |
| 11.0106 | — | 2.75003 |
| 11.1886 | — | 2.84935 |
| 11.3696 | — | 2.94781 |
| 11.5535 | — | 3.0118 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Iridium occurs uncombined in nature with platinum and other metals of this family in alluvial deposits. It is recovered as a by-product from the nickel mining industry.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Iridium https://periodic.lanl.gov/77.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Iridium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.