Erbium (Er)
lanthanideSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
167.259 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Xe] 6s2 4f12गलनांक
1528.85 °Cक्वथनांक
2867.85 °Cघनत्व
9070 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
0, +1, +2, +3विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
1.24आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
6.1077 eVखोज का वर्ष
1843परमाणु त्रिज्या
175 pmविवरण
Erbium is a lanthanide metal and one of the heavier rare-earth elements. In compounds it is dominated by the +3 oxidation state, giving many salts a characteristic pale pink color. Its greatest technological importance comes from optical transitions of Er³⁺ ions, especially in silica glass, where they enable amplification near 1.55 micrometres for fiber-optic communications. It occurs in nature with other rare earths rather than as a native metal.
The pure metal is soft and malleable and has a bright, silvery, metallic luster. As with other rare-earth metals, its properties depend to a certain extent on the impurities present. The metal is fairly stable in air and does not oxidize as rapidly as some of the other rare-earth metals. Naturally occurring erbium is a mixture of six isotopes, all of which are stable. Nine radioactive isotopes of erbium are also recognized. Recent production techniques, using ion-exchange reactions, have resulted in much lower prices of the rare-earth metals and their compounds in recent years. Most of the rare-earth oxides have sharp absorption bands in the visible, ultraviolet, and near infrared. This property, associated with the electronic structure, gives beautiful pastel colors to many of the rare-earth salts.
The name derives from the Swedish town of Ytterby, where the ore gadolinite (in which it was found) was first mined. Erbium was discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl-Gustav Mosander in 1843 in a yttrium sample. He separated the yttrium into yttrium, a rose-coloured salt he called terbium and a deep-yellow peroxide that he called erbium.
The mineral gadolinite ((Ce, La, Nd, Y)2FeBe2Si2O10), discovered in a quarry near the town of Ytterby, Sweden, has been the source of a great number of rare earth elements. In 1843, Carl Gustaf Mosander, a Swedish chemist, was able to separate gadolinite into three materials, which he named yttria, erbia and terbia. As might be expected considering the similarities between their names and properties, scientists soon confused erbia and terbia and, by 1877, had reversed their names. What Mosander called erbia is now called terbia and visa versa. From these two substances, Mosander discovered two new elements, terbium and erbium. Today, erbium is primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from the minerals xenotime (YPO4) and euxenite ((Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6).
Erbium, one of the so-called rare-earth elements on the lanthanide series, is found in the minerals mentioned under dysprosium. In 1842 Mosander separated "yttria" found in the mineral gadolinite, into three fractions which he called yttria, erbia, and terbia. The names erbia and terbia became confused in this early period. After 1860, Mosander's terbia was known as erbia, and after 1877, the earlier known erbia became terbia. The erbia of this period was later shown to consist of five oxides, now known as erbia, scandia, holmia, thulia and ytterbia. By 1905 Urbain and James independently succeeded in isolating fairly pure Er2O3. Klemm and Bommer first produced reasonably pure erbium metal in 1934 by reducing the anhydrous chloride with potassium vapor.
Pure erbium is a silvery-white metal with a metallic lustre. It is soft and malleable compared with many common structural metals, and it slowly tarnishes in air as an oxide layer forms. Finely divided erbium reacts more readily than massive pieces.
Erbium-doped silica glass is used in optical fiber amplifiers and some fiber lasers, where Er³⁺ emits in the low-loss telecommunications window. Erbium-doped crystals and glasses are also used in solid-state lasers, including medical and dental laser systems that couple strongly to water. Small additions of erbium can modify the properties of some alloys and nuclear materials, but these uses are limited compared with optical applications. Erbium oxide is used as a pink colorant in glass and ceramics.
Erbium is alloyed with vanadium to make it softer and easier to shape. Erbium is added to fiber optic cables as a doping agent where it is used as a signal amplifier. Erbium also has some uses in the nuclear power industry.
Erbia, the renamed material that Mosander discovered in 1843, is erbium oxide (Er2O3), one of erbium's compounds. Erbia has a pink color and is used to color glass and glazes. Other erbium compounds include: erbium fluoride (ErF3, erbium chloride (ErCl3 and erbium iodide (ErI3).
Erbium is finding nuclear and metallurgical uses. Added to vanadium, for example, erbium lowers the hardness and improves workability. Erbium oxide gives a pink color and has been used as a colorant in glasses and porcelain enamel glazes.
Isotopes in Biology
Radiolabeled 171Er (with a half-life of 7.5 h) tablets have been used to study bowel movements of individuals using external scintigraphy. Such tablets have an enteric coating and contain small amounts of stable erbium oxide (170Er) initially. The tablets are then irradiated at a low neutron flux to produce radioactively labeled 171Er tablets, via the 170Er (n, γ) 171Er reaction. This method is a noninvasive approach for determining gastric emptying rates and visualizing segments of the digestive system in an individual [479] A. Parr, R. M. Beihn, M. Jay. Int. J. Pharm.32, 251 (1986)., [480] M. C. Theodorakis. Am. Physiol. Soc. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.239, G39 (1980)..
Isotopes in Medicine
169Er (with a half-life of 9.4 days) is used in radiosynovectomy, which is a regularly practiced radiotherapy, on rheumatoid arthritis patients whose condition is resistant to standard methods of treatment (Fig. IUPAC.68.1). Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of the joint capsule (synovial sac), which is lined with a thin membrane called the synovium, of an individual’s moveable joints (synovial joints). In radiosynovectomy, the radiopharmaceutical called 169Er- citrate colloid, which contains colloidal particles that are labeled with β-emitting 169Er, is directly injected into the synovial cavity (the cavity between the bones in a moveable joint inside of the synovium) of the affected joint. These radioactive-colloid particles are then phagocytized (engulfed) by macrophage-like synoviocytes as well as other phagocytizing inflammatory cells in the patient’s synovium. Necrosis (tissue death) and the inhabitation of cell proliferation (increase in number of cells) result from the radiation of the synovium and therefore, temporarily halts synovitis (which is the condition of when the synovium thickens with inflammation) and improves synovial joint function [481] F. M. van der Zanta, Z. N. Jahangierb, G. G. M. Gommansa, J. D. Moolenburghc, J. W. G. Jacobs. Appl. Radiat. Isot.65, 649 (2007)., [482] S. J. Kim, K. A. Jung. Clin. Med. Res.5, 244 (2007)., [483] M. E. A. McNeil. The First Year Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Essential Guide for the Newly Diagnosed, Marlowe & Company, New York, NY (2005)., [484] G. Prabhakar, S. S. Sachdev, N. Sivaprasad. Pharma Times41, 11 (2009)..
Erbium chemistry is typical of the trivalent lanthanides. Erbium(III) oxide, Er₂O₃, is a stable pink oxide and an important commercial intermediate. Erbium(III) chloride, ErCl₃, and erbium(III) nitrate, Er(NO₃)₃, form hydrated salts used in preparation and research. Er³⁺ is a hard Lewis acid and forms complexes with oxygen- and nitrogen-donor ligands. The +2 state is uncommon and strongly reducing; the +4 state is not a normal part of erbium chemistry under ordinary conditions.
See more information at the Erbium compound page.
Metallic erbium has low acute toxicity, but dust or turnings can present fire and inhalation hazards, as with many finely divided reactive metals. Soluble erbium salts should be handled as irritants and potential systemic toxicants because rare-earth ions can interact with biological ligands. Erbium has no known essential biological role. Natural erbium is only weakly radioactive in the practical sense; isotope-specific radiation hazards apply mainly to artificially produced radioisotopes.
Erbium is dispersed in the crust in rare-earth minerals such as monazite and xenotime, always mixed with chemically similar lanthanides. Weathering can release Er³⁺ into soils and sediments, where it tends to bind to clays, phosphates, carbonates, and organic matter rather than remain highly mobile. It has no established biological function, and environmental concern is usually linked to mining, separation reagents, and waste streams rather than to erbium alone.
Erbium is obtained as a by-product of rare-earth mining and separation, not from ores mined specifically for erbium. Processing relies on solvent extraction or ion-exchange methods to separate it from neighboring lanthanides with very similar chemistry. Demand is specialized and strongly tied to optical materials, lasers, and colorants, so the market is much smaller than for major light rare earths or magnet materials. Recycling is limited because erbium is often present as a dilute dopant in glass or ceramics, where recovery is technically possible but rarely economical.
Found with other heavier rare earths in xenotime and euxerite.
Erbium is a trace element in the cosmos. Its stable isotopes were made mainly by slow and rapid neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, followed by incorporation into interstellar dust and later planetary material. In meteorites and rocky planets it behaves as a refractory lithophile rare earth and is concentrated with other lanthanides rather than forming separate phases.
- The name erbium comes from Ytterby, the Swedish village that also gave names to yttrium, terbium, and ytterbium.
- Er³⁺ in glass can amplify light directly inside an optical fiber without converting the signal to electricity.
- Erbium oxide is pink, although the pure metal is silvery.
- Natural erbium contains several stable isotopes, with ¹⁶⁶Er the most abundant.
- Erbium and holmium discoveries were historically entangled because rare-earth oxides were difficult to separate.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 175 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 189 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 235 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 9070 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0184 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 1528.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 2867.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.168 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 28.12 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- षट्कोणीय सघन संकुलित सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.24 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.312 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 6.1077 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 11.916041 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 22.700078 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 42.420146 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 65.100224 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- 0, +1, +2, +3 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 3 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Xe] 6s2 4f12
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.11815308 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 2.902005 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 3.285485 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 3.285485 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 3.279266 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 68 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 98 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 39 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 4 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Er-166
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1843
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 3.5 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 8.7 × 10−7 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 356 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-52-0 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 3H6
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Er
- InChI कुंजी
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Er: 4f¹² 6s²[Xe] 4f¹² 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹² 6s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 164 स्थिर | 163.9292088 ± 0.000002 | 1.6010% | स्थिर |
| 166 स्थिर | 165.9302995 ± 0.0000022 | 33.5030% | स्थिर |
| 167 स्थिर | 166.9320546 ± 0.0000022 | 22.8690% | स्थिर |
| 168 स्थिर | 167.9323767 ± 0.0000022 | 26.9780% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (1528.85 °C) से 1503.8 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
68 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Er I | 0 | 232 | 11 | 13 |
| Er II | +1 | 285 | 11 | 12 |
| Er III | +2 | 120 | 0 | 0 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Er I | 0 | 674 |
| Er II | +1 | 362 |
| Er III | +2 | 53 |
| Er IV | +3 | 10 |
| Er V | +4 | 2 |
| Er VI | +5 | 2 |
| Er VII | +6 | 2 |
| Er VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Er IX | +8 | 2 |
| Er X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 89 pm |
| +3 | 7 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 94.5 pm |
| +3 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 100.4 pm |
| +3 | 9 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 106.2 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (4)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 164 स्थिर | 163.9292088 ± 0.000002 | 1.6010% ± 0.0030% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 166 स्थिर | 165.9302995 ± 0.0000022 | 33.5030% ± 0.0360% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 167 स्थिर | 166.9320546 ± 0.0000022 | 22.8690% ± 0.0090% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 168 स्थिर | 167.9323767 ± 0.0000022 | 26.9780% ± 0.0180% | स्थिर | stable |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 165 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 133 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Alvarez
- 283 pm
- UFF
- 339.1 pm
- MM3
- 267 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 272 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 35
- Pettifor
- 23
- Glawe
- 22
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 150 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 10 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 2150 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 18.45 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 2
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 97
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 10
- भंडार वितरण
- 50
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 24
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 1802.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 3141.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (13)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.3263 |
| 2 | p | 4.346 |
| 2 | s | 17.7984 |
| 3 | d | 13.6397 |
| 3 | p | 20.3891 |
| 3 | s | 20.9231 |
| 4 | d | 35.7288 |
| 4 | f | 40.0216 |
| 4 | p | 32.8908 |
| 4 | s | 31.768 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (4)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 103 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VII | 108.5 | ||
| 3 | VIII | 114.4 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 120.2 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (52)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 142 | p | — |
| 143 | B+ | — |
| 143 | B+p | — |
| 144 | B+ | — |
| 145 | B+ | 100% |
| 145 | B+p | — |
| 146 | B+ | 100% |
| 146 | B+p | — |
| 147 | B+ | 100% |
| 147 | B+p | — |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (514)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.18333 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.18626 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.18925 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.19229 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.19537 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.1985 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.20168 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.20739 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.21399 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.2208 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.5 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
8.7×10-7 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Erbium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.