Neodymium (Nd)
lanthanideSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
144.242 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Xe] 6s2 4f4गलनांक
1020.85 °Cक्वथनांक
3073.85 °Cघनत्व
7010 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
0, +2, +3, +4विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
1.14आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
5.52475 eVखोज का वर्ष
1841परमाणु त्रिज्या
185 pmविवरण
Neodymium is a light lanthanide metal and one of the more abundant rare-earth elements. It occurs in minerals with other lanthanides rather than as a native element. Its chemistry is dominated by the trivalent ion Nd³⁺, which gives many salts and glasses a pink to violet color. Technologically, neodymium is most important in high-strength permanent magnets and in optically active glasses and crystals.
The metal has a bright silvery metallic luster, Neodymium is one of the more reactive rare-earth metals and quickly tarnishes in air, forming an oxide that spalls off and exposes metal to oxidation. The metal, therefore, should be kept under light mineral oil or sealed in a plastic material. Neodymium exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at 863°C.
The name derives from the Greek neos for "new" and didymos for "twin". It was discovered by the Swedish surgeon and chemist Carl Gustav Mosander in 1841, who called it didymium (or twin) because of its similarity to lanthanum, which he had previously discovered two years earlier. In 1885, the Austrian chemist Carl Auer (Baron von Welsbach) separated didymium into two elements, one of which he called neodymium (or new twin).
Neodymium was discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach, an Austrian chemist, in 1885. He separated neodymium, as well as the element praseodymium, from a material known as didymium. Today, neodymium is primarily obtained from through an ion exchange process monazite sand ((Ce, La, Th, Nd, Y)PO4), a material rich in rare earth elements.
From the Greek word neos meaning new, and didymos, twin. In 1841, Mosander, extracted a rose-colored oxide from cerite , which he believed contained a new element. He named the element didymium, as it was an inseparable twin brother of lanthanum. In 1885 von Welsbach separated didymium into two new elemental components, neodymia and praseodymia, by repeated fractionation of ammonium didymium nitrate. While the free metal is in misch metal, long known and used as a pyrophoric alloy for light flints, the element was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. Neodymium is present in misch metal to the extent of about 18%. It is present in the minerals monazite and bastnasite, which are principal sources of rare-earth metals.
Pure neodymium is a bright, silvery metal when freshly cut, but it tarnishes in air as an oxide layer forms. It is relatively soft and can be cut with a knife. The metal slowly reacts with moisture and oxidizes more rapidly when finely divided or heated.
The largest use of neodymium is in neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets, commonly based on the Nd₂Fe₁₄B phase. These magnets are used in electric motors, generators, hard-disk drives, loudspeakers, sensors, and magnetic couplings. Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet, Nd:Y₃Al₅O₁₂, is a major solid-state laser material. Neodymium compounds are also used to color and filter glass, including didymium-type eyewear for glassworking.
Neodymium makes up about 18% of Misch metal, a material that is used to make flints for lighters. Neodymium is also a component of didymium glass, which is used to make certain types of welder's and glass blower's goggles. Neodymium is added to glass to remove the green color caused by iron contaminants. It can also be added to glass to create violet, red or gray colors. Some types of glass containing neodymium are used by astronomers to calibrate devices called spectrometers and other types are used to create artificial rubies for lasers. Some neodymium salts are used to color enamels and glazes.
Didymium, of which neodymium is a component, is used for coloring glass to make welders goggles. By itself, neodymium colors glass delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray. Light transmitted through such glass shows unusually sharp absorption bands. The glass has been used in astronomical work to produce sharp bands by which spectral lines may be calibrated. Glass containing neodymium can be used as a laser material to produce coherent light. Neodymium salts are also used as a colorant for enamels.
Isotopes in Geochronology
143Nd is a radiogenic isotope produced by decay of 147Sm, with a half-life of 1.06×1011 years. Thus, the isotope-amount ratio n(143Nd)/n(144Nd) can be used for dating rocks on long time scales and as a chemical tracer in geochemistry (Fig. IUPAC.60.1) [427] M. T. McCullocha, M. R. Perfita. Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett.56, 167 (1981)., [428] R. Eichhorn, R. Höll, E. Jagoutz, U. Schärer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta61, 5005 (1997).. The very small accumulation of 142Nd in billion-year-old metamorphosed rocks from Greenland [from the relatively short-lived (about 68×106 years) alpha decay of 146Sm] provided evidence that the crust of the Earth formed before the young planet was more than 100×106 years old. This is because only a short amount of time could have elapse to incorporate the 146Sm parent radionuclide into the ancient Greenland minerals before it decayed [429] M. G. Jackson, S. R. Hart, A. A. P. Koppers, H. Staudigel, J. Konter, J. Blusztajn, M. Kurz, J. A. Russell. Nature448, 684 (2007)., [430] G. Caro, B. Bourdon, J. L. Birck, S. Moorbath. Nature423, 428 (2003)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
146Nd has been used in the production of 147Pm (with a half-life of 2.6 years), via the reaction 146Nd (n, γ) 147Nd, which is followed by a subsequent electron decay reaction, 147Nd→ 147Pm+β - reaction. 147Pm is a radioactive power-generation source [431] C. S. Lee, Y. M. Wang, W. L. Cheng, G. Ting. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.130, 21 (1988)..
Neodymium most commonly forms compounds in the +3 oxidation state, and Nd³⁺ salts are typically pale pink, rose, lavender, or violet depending on ligand and hydration. Important compounds include neodymium(III) oxide, Nd₂O₃, neodymium(III) chloride, NdCl₃, and neodymium(III) fluoride, NdF₃. The oxide is a common intermediate in separation and materials production. Divalent neodymium is known in some solid-state compounds, but it is much less stable and far less common than Nd³⁺ chemistry.
See more information at the Neodymium compound page.
Bulk neodymium metal has low acute toxicity but is reactive as a fine powder and can present a fire hazard. Dusts and soluble salts should be handled as industrial chemical hazards because rare-earth compounds can irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Strong neodymium magnets create mechanical hazards: they can pinch skin, shatter on impact, damage magnetic media, and interfere with some implanted medical devices.
Neodymium has a low-to-moderate acute toxic rating. As with other rare earths, neodymium should be handled with care.
Neodymium is widely dispersed in the crust, mainly in rare-earth minerals such as monazite and bastnäsite. In natural waters it is present at very low concentrations and tends to bind to particles, phosphates, carbonates, and organic matter rather than remain as a free ion. Mining and processing can disturb soils and generate waste streams containing other rare earths, thorium, uranium, acids, or salts, depending on the ore and process.
Neodymium is produced by mining rare-earth ores, separating mixed lanthanides through solvent extraction or ion-exchange processes, and reducing suitable halides or oxides to metal when needed. Demand is strongly tied to Nd-Fe-B magnets, often with praseodymium partly substituting for neodymium and dysprosium or terbium added for high-temperature performance. Supply is constrained by the difficulty of separating similar lanthanides and by the environmental controls needed for ore processing. Recycling from magnets is technically possible and increasing, but collection and separation remain limiting factors.
Made from electrolysis of its halide salts, which are made from monazite sand.
Neodymium is produced mainly by neutron-capture nucleosynthesis in evolved stars and stellar explosions, with contributions from both slow and rapid neutron-capture processes. It is less abundant than lighter elements but is a normal trace constituent of the Solar System. Meteorites and planetary rocks contain neodymium in rare-earth patterns useful for geochemical and isotopic studies.
- The name neodymium means “new twin,” reflecting its separation from didymium.
- Natural neodymium consists of several stable isotopes and very long-lived radioactive ¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁵⁰Nd.
- Neodymium glass can appear different colors under different lighting because of sharp f-electron absorption bands.
- Nd-Fe-B magnets are usually coated because the alloy corrodes readily.
- Samarium-cobalt magnets tolerate heat better, but Nd-Fe-B magnets usually provide stronger fields for their size.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 185 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 201 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 229 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 7010 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0206 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 1020.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 3073.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.19 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 27.45 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- षट्कोणीय सघन संकुलित सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.14 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 1.913 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 5.52475 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 10.783037 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 22.090076 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 40.60014 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 60.000207 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- 0, +2, +3, +4 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 3 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Xe] 6s2 4f4
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.07400114 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 2.829455 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 2.995284 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 2.995284 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 3.388091 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 60 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 82 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 40 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 1 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Nd-142
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1841
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 41.5 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 2.8 × 10−6 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 366 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-00-8 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 5I4
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Nd
- InChI कुंजी
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Nd: 4f⁴ 6s²[Xe] 4f⁴ 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f⁴ 6s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 142 स्थिर | 141.907729 ± 0.000002 | 27.1520% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (1020.85 °C) से 995.9 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
60 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nd I | 0 | 118 | 9 | 9 |
| Nd II | +1 | 617 | 255 | 600 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Nd I | 0 | 739 |
| Nd II | +1 | 840 |
| Nd III | +2 | 31 |
| Nd IV | +3 | 19 |
| Nd V | +4 | 2 |
| Nd VI | +5 | 2 |
| Nd VII | +6 | 2 |
| Nd VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Nd IX | +8 | 2 |
| Nd X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 129 pm |
| +2 | 9 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 135 pm |
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 98.3 pm |
| +3 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 110.9 pm |
| +3 | 9 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 116.3 pm |
| +3 | 12 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 127 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (1)
Natural neodymium is a mixture of seven stable isotopes. Fourteen other radioactive isotopes are recognized.
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 142 स्थिर | 141.907729 ± 0.000002 | 27.1520% ± 0.0400% | स्थिर | stable |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 174 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 137 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Alvarez
- 295 pm
- UFF
- 357.5 pm
- MM3
- 273 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 284 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 19
- Pettifor
- 30
- Glawe
- 29
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 208 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 20 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 3560 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 20.58 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 2
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 97
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 10
- भंडार वितरण
- 50
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 24
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 1289.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 3347.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (13)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1.1868 |
| 2 | p | 4.2434 |
| 2 | s | 15.7838 |
| 3 | d | 13.8432 |
| 3 | p | 19.311 |
| 3 | s | 19.6572 |
| 4 | d | 33.1908 |
| 4 | f | 37.734 |
| 4 | p | 29.986 |
| 4 | s | 29.0136 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (6)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VIII | 143 | ||
| 2 | IX | 149 | ||
| 3 | VI | 112.3 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VIII | 124.9 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | IX | 130.3 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | XII | 141 | estimated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (52)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 124 | B+ | — |
| 124 | B+p | — |
| 125 | B+ | 100% |
| 125 | B+p | 0% |
| 126 | B+ | — |
| 126 | B+p | — |
| 127 | B+ | 100% |
| 127 | B+p | — |
| 128 | B+ | — |
| 129 | B+ | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (508)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.24448 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.25177 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.25926 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.26698 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.27494 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.28312 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.29156 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.30024 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.30918 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.31839 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
4.15×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Neodymium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele060.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.8×10-6 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Neodymium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele060.html
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
The element may be obtained by separating neodymium salts from other rare earths by ion-exchange or solvent extraction techniques, and by reducing anhydrous halides such as NdF3 with calcium metal. Other separation techniques are possible.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Neodymium https://periodic.lanl.gov/60.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Neodymium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.