Palladium (Pd)
transition-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
106.42 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Kr] 4d10गलनांक
1554.9 °Cक्वथनांक
2962.85 °Cघनत्व
1.2e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
+1, +2, +3, +4, +5विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
2.2आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
8.336839 eVखोज का वर्ष
1803परमाणु त्रिज्या
140 pmविवरण
Palladium is a silvery platinum-group metal with high catalytic activity and an unusual ability to absorb large amounts of hydrogen into its lattice. It is chemically noble in air at ordinary temperatures, but it forms many complexes and is readily used in surface chemistry. Its technological importance is dominated by vehicle emission control, fine-chemical catalysis, electronics, and hydrogen-related applications.
The element is a silvery-white metal, it does not tarnish in air, and it is the least dense and lowest melting of the platinum group of metals. When annealed, it is soft and ductile; cold-working greatly increases its strength and hardness. Palladium is attacked by nitric and sulfuric acid.
At room temperatures, the metal has the unusual property of absorbing up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen, possibly forming Pd2H. It is not yet clear if this is a true compound. Hydrogen readily diffuses through heated palladium, providing a means of purifying the gas.
The name derives from the second largest asteroid of the solar system Pallas (named after the goddess of wisdom and arts—Pallas Athene). The element was discovered by the English chemist and physicist William Hyde Wollaston in 1803, one year after the discovery of Pallas by the German astronomer Wilhelm Olbers in 1802. The discovery was originally published anonymously by Wollaston to obtain priority, while not disclosing any details about his preparation.
Palladium was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston, an English chemist, in 1803 while analyzing samples of platinum ore that were obtained from South America. Although it is a rare element, palladium tends to occur along with deposits of platinum, nickel, copper, silver and gold and is recovered as a byproduct of mining these other metals.
Palladium was named after the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered at about the same time. Pallas was the Greek goddess of wisdom.
Pure palladium is a lustrous, silver-white metal. It is soft and ductile when annealed, can be rolled into thin foil, and does not tarnish rapidly in clean air. Finely divided palladium is gray to black and has much higher surface reactivity than the compact metal.
The largest use of palladium is in catalytic converters, especially for oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons and reduction reactions in exhaust systems. Palladium catalysts are also central to hydrogenation and carbon–carbon coupling reactions in chemical manufacture. The metal is used in multilayer ceramic capacitors, electrical contacts, dental alloys, some jewelry alloys, hydrogen purification membranes, and laboratory catalysts such as palladium on carbon.
Palladium is used to make springs for watches, surgical instruments, electrical contacts and dental fillings and crowns. Finely divided palladium acts as a catalyst and is used in hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes. Palladium at room temperature can absorb up to 900 times its own volume of hydrogen. Hydrogen will easily pass through heated palladium, a property that allows for the easy purification of hydrogen. Palladium alloys are used to make jewelry and, when alloyed with gold, forms a material known as white gold.
Palladium dichloride (PdCl2), a palladium compound, can absorb large amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) gas and is used in carbon monoxide detectors.
Finely divided palladium is a good catalyst and is used for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. It is alloyed and used in jewelry trades.
White gold is an alloy of gold decolorized by the addition of palladium. Like gold, palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250,000 in. The metal is used in dentistry, watch making, and in making surgical instruments and electrical contacts.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Small palladium nucleosynthetic anomalies in isotopic composition (related to s-process variability) were identified in type IVB iron meteorites [340] B. Mayer, N. Wittig, M. Humayun, I. Leya. Astrophys. J.809, 180 (2015).. These nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies may represent spatial and/or temporal heterogeneity in the early solar nebula or may be due to chemical processing within the solar nebula [327] N. Dauphas, A. M. Davis, B. Marty, L. Reisberg. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.226, 465 (2004)., [341] A. Trinquier, T. Elliott, D. Ulfbeck, C. Coath, A. N. Krot, M. Bizzarro. Science324, 374 (2009).. Palladium and molybdenum isotopic compositions on selected iron meteorites are correlated (Fig. IUPAC.46.1). One possible conclusion is that “a common presolar carrier must have been thermally processed on which the more volatile (a measure of the tendency of a substance to vaporize) Pd was lost and homogenized in the solar nebula, resulting in the deviation from the s-process” variability [342] B. Mayer, K. R. Bermingham, E. A. Worsham, M. Humayun, R. J. Walker. “Correlated nucleosynthetic anomalies in Mo, Ru, and Pd from iron meteorites”, in 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.. Because these palladium (and other element) anomalies are persistent throughout the measured iron meteorites, the thermal processing must have occurred prior to the formation of the parent body that produced iron meteorites [342] B. Mayer, K. R. Bermingham, E. A. Worsham, M. Humayun, R. J. Walker. “Correlated nucleosynthetic anomalies in Mo, Ru, and Pd from iron meteorites”, in 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The isotope-amount ratio n(107Pd)/n(107Ag) is used in geochronology to help date major thermal events in the Solar System. Although 107Ag is naturally occurring, 107Ag is also the daughter product of the beta decay of 107Pd. If both excess 107Ag and 107Pd (with a half-life of 6.5×106 years) are present in a sample of extraterrestrial origin, then the material would have formed sometime after 107Pd decayed. The n(107Pd)/n(107Ag) amount ratio can be measured to help determine when the 107Pd decay process began and how much time has elapsed since the material was formed [344] W. R. Kelly, G. J. Wasserburg. Geophys. Res. Lett.5 1079 (1978)., [345] G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou. Some Short-Lived Nuclides in the Early Solar-System – A Connection with the Placental ISM, in Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics, C. A. Barnes, D. D. Clayton, and D. N. Schramm. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1982)., [346] J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg. Live 107Pd in the Early Solar System and Implications on Planetary Evolution, in Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, Geophysical Monograph 95, A. Basu and S. Hart. Amer. Geophys. U., Washington (1996)., [347] J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta54, 1729 (1990)., [348] A. P. Dicken. Radiogenic Isotope Geology, Cambridge University Press, New York (1995)..
Isotopes in Medicine
Seeds of the radioactive isotope 103Pd are internally placed in the body to fight prostate and other cancers locally. 103Pd has a half-life of 16.99 days and releases energy at about 80 X-rays and 186 Auger electrons per 100 decays of 103Pd. Therefore, this makes this isotope an ideal candidate for internal radiotherapy for the treatment of cancers [349] M. Hussain, S. Sudar, M. N. Aslam, H. A. Shah, R. Ahmad, A. A. Malik, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67, 1842 (2009)..
The radioisotope 109Pd (with a half-life of 13.5 h) can be used as a form of cancer therapy. For example, 109Pd-labeled porphyrins or porphyrin-like substances are used as diagnostic and therapeutic techniques to help locate and address areas of tumorous growth. Porphyrins accumulate in tumors of the body and when radiolabeled porphyrins are introduced to the body, the X-rays and energy released can help determine the location and even treat the cancerous tumors [350] T. Das, S. Chakraborty, H. D. Sarma, S. Banerjee. Radiochim. Acta96, 427 (2008)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
104Pd is the major target used for cyclotron production of the medically important radioactive isotope 103Pd via the reaction 104Pd (p, p n) 103Pd [349] M. Hussain, S. Sudar, M. N. Aslam, H. A. Shah, R. Ahmad, A. A. Malik, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67, 1842 (2009)..
Palladium most often shows oxidation states +2 and 0, with +4 important in some fluorides and complex salts. Palladium(II) chloride, PdCl₂, is a common starting material for coordination compounds and catalysts. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), Pd[P(C₆H₅)₃]₄, is a widely used homogeneous catalyst precursor. Palladium(II) acetate, Pd(CH₃COO)₂, and palladium on carbon are frequent sources of active palladium species in organic synthesis.
See more information at the Palladium compound page.
Compact palladium metal is not highly reactive and presents low acute toxicity, but dusts and finely divided catalysts can be irritating and may ignite adsorbed hydrogen or organic material under unfavorable conditions. Soluble palladium salts and organopalladium compounds can cause skin sensitization and other toxic effects. Spent catalysts may contain hazardous residues from the processes in which they were used.
Palladium occurs naturally at low concentrations, mainly with other platinum-group elements in sulfide and chromite-associated ores. Environmental releases are increased by abrasion and loss from automotive catalysts, creating fine particles in road dust and nearby soils. Palladium is generally sparingly soluble in many natural waters, but complexing ligands such as chloride and organic matter can increase mobility.
Palladium is obtained chiefly as a by-product of nickel, copper, and platinum-group metal mining and refining, so supply cannot respond as independently as demand for a primary metal. Major demand comes from emission-control catalysts, with electronics, chemical catalysts, dentistry, and jewelry making smaller contributions. Recycling from spent automotive catalysts is an important secondary source. Substitution with platinum or rhodium is possible in some catalyst systems but depends on performance, regulation, and relative availability.
Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, Palladium is found with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South America, North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Palladium's separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found.
Palladium is a heavy element produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars. It is much less abundant cosmically than iron or nickel but is present in meteorites and planetary materials with other siderophile and chalcophile elements. On Earth it was partly concentrated into the core during differentiation, leaving crustal concentrations low.
- Palladium can absorb hydrogen to form non-stoichiometric palladium hydride without becoming a simple fixed-ratio salt.
- The element was named after the asteroid Pallas, which had been discovered shortly before palladium.
- Palladium-gold alloys are used to make white gold in some jewelry.
- Carbon monoxide binds strongly to palladium surfaces, a key feature of exhaust catalysis.
- Palladium leaf can be made, but it is less familiar than gold leaf because the metal is far rarer and costlier.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 140 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 139 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 202 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 128 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 1.2 × 104 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0089 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 1554.9 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 2962.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 71.8 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.246 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 25.98 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- फलक-केंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 2.2 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 1.58
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.557 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 8.336839 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 19.430067 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 32.930113 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 46.000158 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 61.00021 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 10 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Kr] 4d10
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.17349847 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 3.700057 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 3.907343 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 3.907343 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 3.903197 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 46 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 60 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 42 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 4 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Pd-106
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1803
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 0.015 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 389 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 18 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-05-3 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Pd
- InChI कुंजी
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Pd: 4d¹⁰[Kr] 4d¹⁰1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 104 स्थिर | 103.9040305 ± 0.0000014 | 11.1400% | स्थिर |
| 105 स्थिर | 104.9050796 ± 0.0000012 | 22.3300% | स्थिर |
| 106 स्थिर | 105.9034804 ± 0.0000012 | 27.3300% | स्थिर |
| 108 स्थिर | 107.9038916 ± 0.0000012 | 26.4600% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (1554.9 °C) से 1529.9 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
46 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pd I | 0 | 76 | 8 | 75 |
| Pd II | +1 | 62 | 10 | 62 |
| Pd III | +2 | 75 | 0 | 0 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Pd I | 0 | 145 |
| Pd II | +1 | 186 |
| Pd III | +2 | 177 |
| Pd IV | +3 | 2 |
| Pd V | +4 | 2 |
| Pd VI | +5 | 2 |
| Pd VII | +6 | 2 |
| Pd VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Pd IX | +8 | 2 |
| Pd X | +9 | 2 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 2 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 59 pm |
| +2 | 4 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 64 pm |
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 86 pm |
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 76 pm |
| +4 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 61.5 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (4)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 104 स्थिर | 103.9040305 ± 0.0000014 | 11.1400% ± 0.0800% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 105 स्थिर | 104.9050796 ± 0.0000012 | 22.3300% ± 0.0800% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 106 स्थिर | 105.9034804 ± 0.0000012 | 27.3300% ± 0.0300% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 108 स्थिर | 107.9038916 ± 0.0000012 | 26.4600% ± 0.0900% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 383.2286 nm | 1500 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 389.41982 nm | 2200 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 395.86229 nm | 1500 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 408.73428 nm | 290 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 416.98387 nm | 90 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 421.29533 nm | 2500 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 447.35846 nm | 180 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5s 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.81874 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 481.75067 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 487.54251 nm | 35 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[1/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 511.08092 nm | 55 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 511.70072 nm | 75 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 516.38405 nm | 160 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 523.48612 nm | 55 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 529.56266 nm | 120 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 531.25867 nm | 18 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 534.51048 nm | 15 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 539.52204 nm | 35 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 554.28067 nm | 55 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 554.70204 nm | 35 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 561.94631 nm | 27 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 564.27039 nm | 15 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[1/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 565.54366 nm | 14 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 567.00702 nm | 75 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 569.0128 nm | 11 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[1/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 569.50921 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 573.66175 nm | 18 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 677.45174 nm | 23 | Pd I | emission | 4d8.5s2 3F → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* | मापित | NIST | |
| 678.44893 nm | 65 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 683.3446 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 701.6446 nm | 11 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[1/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 731.0053 nm | उपलब्ध नहीं | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 736.8096 nm | 75 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 739.19 nm | 27 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6s 2[3/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 748.6909 nm | 16 | Pd I | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 120 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 117 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 112 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 215 pm
- UFF
- 289.9 pm
- MM3
- 237 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 215 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 137 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 68
- Pettifor
- 69
- Glawe
- 65
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 26.14 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.1 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 628 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक बंधुता
- प्रोटॉन बंधुता
- 696 kJ/mol
- गैसीय क्षारकता
- 673.4 kJ/mol
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 8.9 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 5
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 60
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 8
- भंडार वितरण
- 95
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 44
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 44
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 1827.95 K |
| क्वथनांक | 3236.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (9)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.9411 |
| 2 | p | 4.07 |
| 2 | s | 12.1172 |
| 3 | d | 14.5489 |
| 3 | p | 16.9804 |
| 3 | s | 16.7788 |
| 4 | d | 32.3824 |
| 4 | p | 28.2768 |
| 4 | s | 27.014 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (5)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II | 73 | ||
| 2 | IVSQ | 78 | ||
| 2 | VI | 100 | ||
| 3 | VI | 90 | ||
| 4 | VI | 75.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (62)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 90 | B+ | — |
| 90 | B+p | — |
| 90 | 2p | — |
| 91 | B+ | 100% |
| 91 | B+p | 3.1% |
| 92 | B+ | 100% |
| 92 | B+p | 1.6% |
| 93 | B+ | 100% |
| 93 | B+p | 7.4% |
| 94 | B+ | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (507)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.15058 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.2095 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.27144 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.33655 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.40499 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.47694 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.54695 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.61473 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.68548 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.75934 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Palladium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele046.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Palladium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele046.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, Palladium is found with platinum and other metals of the platinum group in placer deposits of Russia, South America, North America, Ethiopia, and Australia. It is also found associated with the nickel-copper deposits of South Africa and Ontario. Palladium's separation from the platinum metals depends upon the type of ore in which it is found.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Palladium https://periodic.lanl.gov/46.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Palladium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.