Strontium (Sr)
alkaline-earth-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
87.62 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Kr] 5s2गलनांक
776.85 °Cक्वथनांक
1381.85 °Cघनत्व
2640 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
+1, +2विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
0.95आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
5.694867 eVखोज का वर्ष
1792परमाणु त्रिज्या
200 pmविवरण
Strontium is an alkaline earth metal below calcium and above barium in group 2. Natural strontium is stable and occurs mainly as the minerals celestine and strontianite rather than as the free metal. Its chemistry is dominated by the Sr²⁺ ion, which closely resembles Ca²⁺ but is larger and more readily forms insoluble sulfate and carbonate salts. Strontium is best known technologically for red pyrotechnic colors, ferrite magnets, glass additives, and the radioactive isotope ⁹⁰Sr.
Strontium is softer than calcium and decomposes in water more vigorously. It does not absorb nitrogen below 380°C. It should be kept under kerosene to prevent oxidation. Freshly cut strontium has a silvery appearance, but rapidly turns a yellowish color with the formation of the oxide. The finely divided metal ignites spontaneously in air. Volatile strontium salts impart a beautiful crimson color to flames, and these salts are used in pyrotechnics and in the production of flares. Natural strontium is a mixture of four stable isotopes.
The name derives from Strontian, a town in Scotland. The mineral strontianite is found in mines in Strontian. The element was discovered in 1792 by the Scottish chemist and physician Thomas Charles Hope, who observed the brilliant red flame colour of strontium. It was first isolated by the English chemist Humphry Davy in 1808.
Strontium was discovered by Adair Crawford, an Irish chemist, in 1790 while studying the mineral witherite (BaCO3). When he mixed witherite with hydrochloric acid (HCl) he did not get the results he expected. He assumed that his sample of witherite was contaminated with an unknown mineral, a mineral he named strontianite (SrCO3). Strontium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808 through the electrolysis of a mixture of strontium chloride (SrCl2) and mercuric oxide (HgO). Today, strontium is obtained from two of its most common ores, celestite (SrSO4) and strontianite (SrCO3), by treating them with hydrochloric acid, forming strontium chloride. The strontium chloride, usually mixed with potassium chloride (KCl), is then melted and electrolyzed, forming strontium and chlorine gas (Cl2).
Named after Strontian, a town in Scotland. Isolated by Davey by electrolysis in 1808, however, Adair Crawford recognized a new mineral (strontianite) as differing from other barium minerals in 1790.
Pure strontium is a soft, silvery metal when freshly cut, but it rapidly develops a yellowish or gray oxide-nitride surface film in air. It is less dense and less hard than many structural metals and is normally stored under oil or in sealed containers to limit reaction with moisture and oxygen.
Strontium nitrate, Sr(NO₃)₂, and related salts are used to produce intense red colors in fireworks, signal flares, and tracer compositions. Strontium carbonate, SrCO₃, is a feedstock for ceramic glazes, ferrite magnets, and specialty glass. Strontium ferrite materials are common permanent magnets in speakers, motors, and magnetic strips. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios are used in geology, archaeology, and provenance studies. ⁹⁰Sr has been used in radioisotope power sources and industrial gauges, but its use is restricted by radiological hazards.
Most of the strontium produced today is used in the manufacture of color television picture tubes. It is also used to refine zinc and is combined with iron to make magnets.
Two strontium compounds, strontium carbonate (SrCO3) and strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2), burn with a bright, red flame and are used in fireworks and signal flares. Strontium carbonate is also used to make certain kinds of glass and is the base material for making most other strontium compounds.
Strontium-90, a radioactive isotope of strontium, is a common product of nuclear explosions. It has a half-life of about 28.8 years and decays into yttrium-90 through beta decay. Strontium-90 is especially deadly since it has a relatively long half-life, is strongly radioactive and is absorbed by the body, where it accumulates in the skeletal system. The radiation affects the production of new blood cells, which eventually leads to death.
In addition to the medical imaging application described in the image caption above, strontium has found use in producing ferrite magnets and in refining zinc. Strontium titanate is an interesting optical material as it has an extremely high refractive index and an optical dispersion greater than that of diamond. It has been used as a gemstone, but is very soft. It does not occur naturally.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Stable isotopic fractionation of strontium is small because the relative differences between the masses of strontium stable isotopes are small (mass numbers are 86, 87, and 88 for the most abundant stable isotopes). Also, strontium is not subject to reduction-oxidation reactions in normal terrestrial environments, which would cause isotopic fractionation to be more evident. Nevertheless, current studies are exploring potential applications of stable strontium isotopic fractionation; for example, it has been used as a proxy for temperature during coral growth and for insights into the diets of ancient populations [295] A. Rüggeberg, J. Fietzke, V. Liebetrau, A. Eisenhauer, W. C. Dullo, A. Freiwald. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.269, 570 (2008)., [296] K. J. Knudson, H. M. Williams, J. E. Buikstra, P. D. Tomczak, G. W. Gordon, A. D. Anbar. J. Archaeolog. Sci.37, 2352 (2010)..
The relative abundance of natural radiogenic 87Sr in seawater is related to the relative rates of processes that add or remove strontium in the ocean (seafloor spreading, mid-ocean-ridge hydrothermal activity, and continental weathering). Over geologic time, these processes have fluctuated and the isotope-amount ratio n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) has changed systematically. By measuring the n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratio in marine fossils of known age, it is possible to identify when such environmental changes occurred. Conversely, it is possible to estimate the ages of marine deposits by comparing measured n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratios with the global time chart; this process is known as strontium isotope stratigraphy [297] J. M. McArthur, R. J. Howarth, T. R. Bailey. J. Geol.109, 155 (2001)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
The isotope-amount ratio n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) is highly variable in rocks, minerals, soils, and waters, and it can be transmitted to plants (Fig. IUPAC.38.1), animals, and manufactured materials. Measurements of n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratios are used for forensic applications in food authentication (determining where food came from), archaeology, crime-scene investigation, and human migration [298] B. L. Beard, C. M. Johnson. J. Forensic Sci.45, 1049 (2000)., [299] K. M. Frei, R. Frei. Appl. Geochem.26, 326 (2011)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The 87Rb- 87Sr dating technique utilizes the fact that 87Sr is a product of radioactive 87Rb decay (half-life of 4.97×1010 years) and is a useful tool for determining ages of rocks and minerals spanning the age of the Earth (Fig. IUPAC.38.2) [301] G. Faure. Principles of Isotope Geology, 2nd Edition. p. 608. Wiley, New York (1986)..
Strontium almost always forms compounds in the +2 oxidation state. Strontium oxide, SrO, is a strongly basic oxide that reacts with water to form strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)₂. Strontium carbonate, SrCO₃, and strontium sulfate, SrSO₄, are sparingly soluble and control much of its mineral behavior. Strontium chloride, SrCl₂, and strontium nitrate, Sr(NO₃)₂, are soluble salts used as chemical intermediates. Strontium titanate, SrTiO₃, is a high-refractive-index ceramic and an important substrate material in oxide electronics research.
Strontium is found chiefly as celestite and strontianite. The metal can be prepared by electrolysis of the fused chloride mixed with potassium chloride, or is made by reducing strontium oxide with aluminum in a vacuum at a temperature at which strontium distills off. Three allotropic forms of the metal exist, with transition points at 235 and 540°C.
See more information at the Strontium compound page.
Metallic strontium reacts with water and acids to release hydrogen, H₂, and can ignite as filings or powder. Soluble strontium salts have moderate chemical toxicity and can disturb calcium metabolism at high exposure. The main radiological concern is ⁹⁰Sr, a fission product that behaves partly like calcium in the body and irradiates bone and marrow through beta decay. Stable strontium in ordinary environmental concentrations is not highly hazardous.
Strontium is dispersed in rocks, soils, freshwater, and seawater, with higher mobility in soluble forms than barium but less than many alkali metals. It substitutes for calcium in minerals and biological hard tissues because Sr²⁺ and Ca²⁺ have similar charge and chemistry. Weathering releases strontium to waters, while carbonate, sulfate, and adsorption processes remove it. ⁹⁰Sr from nuclear fallout or accidents is environmentally important because it can enter food chains.
Commercial strontium is obtained chiefly from celestine, SrSO₄, which is converted to strontium carbonate, SrCO₃, or other salts before further use. Demand is concentrated in ferrite magnets, pyrotechnics, ceramics, and specialty glass, so the market is smaller and less diversified than for calcium or magnesium. Production of the metal itself is limited because most applications use compounds. Recycling is modest and usually indirect, for example through recovery or reuse of magnet-containing products rather than elemental strontium recovery.
Found in minerals celestite and strontianite.
Strontium is a trace element in the cosmos, produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in evolved stars and explosive stellar events. It is much less abundant than lighter rock-forming elements but is detectable in stellar spectra. In the solar system it follows calcium and other lithophile elements into silicate minerals, while only minute amounts occur in metallic phases or volatile reservoirs.
- The element is named after Strontian, a village in Scotland where strontianite was identified.
- Strontium salts give a cleaner crimson flame than many mixtures based on lithium or calcium.
- Strontium titanate was once used as a diamond simulant before harder simulants became common.
- Natural ⁸⁷Sr partly derives from the decay of ⁸⁷Rb, making Sr isotope ratios useful as geological clocks.
- Celestine is named for its pale blue color, although strontium compounds themselves are often white.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 200 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 195 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 249 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 191 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 2640 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.0337 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 776.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 1381.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.306 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 26.79 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- फलक-केंद्रित घनीय सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 0.95 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 0.963
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.052 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 5.694867 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 11.030314 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 42.883678 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 56.280194 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 70.700243 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- +1, +2 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Kr] 5s2
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.08602373 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 1.421983 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 1.703892 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 1.703892 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 1.699746 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 38 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 50 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 35 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 4 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Sr-88
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1792
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 370 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 7.9 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 608 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-24-6 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sr
- InChI कुंजी
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Sr: 5s²[Kr] 5s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 5s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 84 स्थिर | 83.9134191 ± 0.0000013 | 0.5600% | स्थिर |
| 86 स्थिर | 85.9092606 ± 0.0000012 | 9.8600% | स्थिर |
| 87 स्थिर | 86.9088775 ± 0.0000012 | 7.0000% | स्थिर |
| 88 स्थिर | 87.9056125 ± 0.0000012 | 82.5800% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (776.85 °C) से 751.9 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
38 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sr I | 0 | 361 | 86 | 361 |
| Sr II | +1 | 135 | 33 | 135 |
| Sr III | +2 | 613 | 0 | 613 |
| Sr IV | +3 | 1183 | 0 | 1183 |
| Sr V | +4 | 625 | 0 | 625 |
| Sr VI | +5 | 57 | 14 | 57 |
| Sr VII | +6 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
| Sr VIII | +7 | 26 | 24 | 26 |
| Sr IX | +8 | 46 | 28 | 46 |
| Sr X | +9 | 54 | 51 | 54 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Sr I | 0 | 380 |
| Sr II | +1 | 72 |
| Sr III | +2 | 150 |
| Sr IV | +3 | 255 |
| Sr V | +4 | 144 |
| Sr VI | +5 | 22 |
| Sr VII | +6 | 20 |
| Sr VIII | +7 | 21 |
| Sr IX | +8 | 31 |
| Sr X | +9 | 47 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 118 pm |
| +2 | 7 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 121 pm |
| +2 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 126 pm |
| +2 | 9 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 131 pm |
| +2 | 10 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 136 pm |
| +2 | 12 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 144 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (4)
Sixteen other unstable isotopes are known to exist. Of greatest importance is 90Sr with a half-life of 29 years. It is a product of nuclear fallout and presents a health problem. This isotope is one of the best long-lived high-energy beta emitters known, and is used in SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxilliary Power) devices. These devices hold promise for use in space vehicles, remote weather stations, navigational buoys, etc., and where a lightweight, long-lived, nuclear-electric power source is needed.
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 84 स्थिर | 83.9134191 ± 0.0000013 | 0.5600% ± 0.0100% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 86 स्थिर | 85.9092606 ± 0.0000012 | 9.8600% ± 0.0100% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 87 स्थिर | 86.9088775 ± 0.0000012 | 7.0000% ± 0.0100% | स्थिर | stable | |
| 88 स्थिर | 87.9056125 ± 0.0000012 | 82.5800% ± 0.0100% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
500 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 707.0072 nm | 14000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 687.83128 nm | 12000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 679.10198 nm | 7000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.6s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 525.68986 nm | 3400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 640.8463 nm | 3100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 483.20425 nm | 2900 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.5d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 548.08638 nm | 2700 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 496.2263 nm | 2500 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.5d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 481.18799 nm | 2300 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5p2 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 689.25894 nm | 2300 | Sr I | emission | 5s2 1S → 5s.5p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 650.3992 nm | 2100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 523.85479 nm | 2000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 550.4181 nm | 2000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 496.5585 nm | 1900 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.7d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 516.5486 nm | 1800 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.8s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.43198 nm | 1700 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5p2 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 552.1768 nm | 1700 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 730.94166 nm | 1700 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 1D → 4d.5p 1D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 472.22769 nm | 1600 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5p2 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 474.19221 nm | 1600 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5p2 3P | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.3782 nm | 1500 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.9s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 487.249 nm | 1500 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.5d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 489.198 nm | 1500 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 581.67702 nm | 1500 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 1D → 4d.5p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 468.8546 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.8d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 522.21992 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 522.51079 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 522.92697 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 555.6375 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 634.57265 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 655.0244 nm | 1400 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 4d2 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 495.6274 nm | 1300 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.7d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 638.64581 nm | 1300 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.6p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 485.50448 nm | 1200 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 486.87005 nm | 1200 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 487.60745 nm | 1200 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.5d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 496.7942 nm | 1200 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.5d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 559.8159 nm | 1200 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 1D → 4d.5p 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 458.29879 nm | 1100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.10s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 486.91724 nm | 1100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 489.2642 nm | 1100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 5s.4f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 661.72651 nm | 1100 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 403.03772 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.6d 3D | मापित | NIST | |
| 443.8043 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 3P* → 5s.7s 3S | मापित | NIST | |
| 446.32981 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.11s 1S | मापित | NIST | |
| 453.2375 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.5p 1P* → 5s.9d 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 471.2151 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 1D → 5s.5f 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 545.08373 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 548.6135 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 553.4799 nm | 1000 | Sr I | emission | 5s.4d 3D → 4d.5p 3D* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 185 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 157 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 139 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (ब्रैग)
- 195 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Truhlar
- 249 pm
- Batsanov
- 255 pm
- Alvarez
- 284 pm
- UFF
- 364.1 pm
- MM3
- 300 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 279 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 215 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 8
- Pettifor
- 15
- Glawe
- 15
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 2
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 3
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 2
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 197.2 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 0.2 a.u.
- C₆
- 3175 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 3230 Ha·Bohr6
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 33.93 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 1
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 83
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 9
- भंडार वितरण
- 100
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 24
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 1050.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 1650.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (9)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.8089 |
| 2 | p | 3.9696 |
| 2 | s | 10.0982 |
| 3 | d | 15.2738 |
| 3 | p | 15.8324 |
| 3 | s | 15.3362 |
| 4 | p | 26.068 |
| 4 | s | 24.5556 |
| 5 | s | 31.9295 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (6)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 132 | ||
| 2 | VII | 135 | ||
| 2 | VIII | 140 | ||
| 2 | IX | 145 | ||
| 2 | X | 150 | calculated, | |
| 2 | XII | 158 | calculated, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (54)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 73 | B+ | 100% |
| 73 | B+p | 63% |
| 74 | B+ | 100% |
| 74 | B+p | — |
| 75 | B+ | 100% |
| 75 | B+p | 5.2% |
| 76 | B+ | 100% |
| 76 | B+p | 3.4% |
| 77 | B+ | 100% |
| 77 | B+p | 0.1% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (508)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0.17126 |
| 10.1617 | — | 0.1749 |
| 10.3261 | — | 0.17861 |
| 10.4931 | — | 0.1824 |
| 10.6628 | — | 0.18627 |
| 10.8353 | — | 0.19061 |
| 11.0106 | — | 0.19514 |
| 11.1886 | — | 0.19977 |
| 11.3696 | — | 0.2045 |
| 11.5535 | — | 0.20936 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.70×102 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Strontium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele038.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
7.9 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Strontium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele038.html
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
The isotope-amount ratio n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) is highly variable in rocks, minerals, soils, and waters, and it can be transmitted to plants (Fig. IUPAC.38.1), animals, and manufactured materials. Measurements of n(87Sr)/n(86Sr) ratios are used for forensic applications in food authentication (determining where food came from), archaeology, crime-scene investigation, and human migration [298] B. L. Beard, C. M. Johnson. J. Forensic Sci.45, 1049 (2000)., [299] K. M. Frei, R. Frei. Appl. Geochem.26, 326 (2011)..
संदर्भ (4)
- [298] B. L. Beard, C. M. Johnson. J. Forensic Sci.45, 1049 (2000).
- [299] K. M. Frei, R. Frei. Appl. Geochem.26, 326 (2011).
- [300] K. Miller, T. B. Coplen, M. Wieser. “Identification of the geographical origin of exotic wood species using 87Sr/86Sr isotope amount ratios”, in Goldschmidt 22nd Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Strontium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.