Scandium (Sc)
transition-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
44.955908 uइलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Ar] 4s2 3d1गलनांक
1540.85 °Cक्वथनांक
2835.85 °Cघनत्व
2990 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
0, +1, +2, +3विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
1.36आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
6.56149 eVखोज का वर्ष
1879परमाणु त्रिज्या
160 pmविवरण
Scandium is a light transition metal with chemistry dominated by the +3 oxidation state. It is chemically similar to yttrium and the lanthanides, but its small ionic radius gives some distinct coordination behavior. The element is widely dispersed in minerals and rarely occurs in rich, easily worked ores. Its technological importance is concentrated in specialty aluminum alloys, high-intensity lighting, and research materials rather than large-volume metal use.
Scandium is a silver-white metal which develops a slightly yellowish or pinkish cast upon exposure to air. A relatively soft element, scandium resembles yttrium and the rare-earth metals more than it resembles aluminum or titanium.
It is a very light metal and has a much higher melting point than aluminum, making it of interest to designers of spacecraft. Scandium is not attacked by a 1:1 mixture of HNO3 and 48% HF.
Chemically it is one of the alkaline earth elements; it readily forms a white coating of nitride in air, reacts with water, burns with a yellow-red flame.
The name derives from the Latin scandia for Scandinavia, where the mineral was found. It was discovered by the Swedish chemist Lars-Fredrik Nilson in 1879 in an ytterbium sample. In the same year, the Swedish chemist Per Theodore Cleve proved that scandium was Mendeleev's predicted "eka-boron".
Scandium was discovered by Lars Fredrik Nilson, a Swedish chemist, in 1879 while attempting to produce a sample of pure ytterbia from 10 kilograms of the mineral euxenite ((Y, Ca, Er, La, Ce, U, Th)(Nb, Ta, Ti)2O6). Scandium can be obtained from the minerals thortveitite ((Sc, Y)2Si2O7), bazzite (Be3(Sc, Al)2Si6O18) and wiikite, but is usually obtained as a byproduct of refining uranium. Metallic scandium was first produced in 1937 and the first pound (0.45 kilograms) of pure scandium was produced in 1960. Scandium is a soft, light metal that might have applications in the aerospace industry. With a cost of $270 per gram ($122,500 per pound), scandium is too expensive for widespread use.
From the Latin word Scandia, Scandinavia. On the basis of the Periodic System, Mendeleev predicted the existence of ekaboron, which would have an atomic weight between 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The element was discovered by Nilson in 1878 in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite, which had not yet been found anywhere except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2g of highly pure scandium oxide. Later scientists pointed out that Nilson's scandium was identical with Mendeleev's ekaboron.
Pure scandium is a soft, silvery-white metal that tarnishes slowly in air, developing a yellowish or pinkish cast from surface oxidation. It is much less dense than most transition metals and can be cut or worked more readily than refractory metals.
Small additions of scandium strengthen aluminum alloys and improve weldability, especially in high-performance aerospace, sporting, and additive-manufactured components. Scandium iodide, ScI₃, has been used with sodium iodide, NaI, in metal-halide lamps to produce a bright, sunlight-like spectrum. Scandium compounds are also used in research on solid oxide fuel cells, ceramics, catalysts, and optical materials. The radioisotope ⁴⁴Sc is investigated for positron emission tomography, but such medical use depends on isotope production and radiochemical handling rather than bulk scandium metal.
Alloys of scandium and aluminum are used in some kinds of athletic equipment, such as aluminum baseball bats, bicycle frames and lacrosse sticks. It is expected that scandium-aluminum alloys will be important in the manufacture of fuel cells.
Scientists have only studied a few compounds of scandium. About 20 kilograms (44 pounds) of scandium oxide (Sc2O3), also known as scandia, are used each year in the United States in the production of high intensity lights. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is added to mercury vapor lamps so that they will emit light that closely resembles sunlight.
About 20 kg of scandium (as Sc2O3) are used yearly in the U.S. to produce high-intensity lights. The radioactive isotope 46Sc is used as a tracing agent in refinery crackers for crude oil, etc.
Scandium iodide added to mercury vapor lamps produces a highly efficient light source resembling sunlight, which is important for indoor or night-time color TV.
Isotopes in Biology
Radioactive 46Sc is used as a non-absorbed isotopic reference material for determining digestibility, absorption in the gut, and secretion sites for nutrients associated with feed residues in ruminating animals (animals that chew their food repeatedly for an extended period of time) [190] J. K. Miller, W. F. Byrne. J. Nutr.100, 1287 (1970)..
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The radioactive isotope 46Sc has been used for sediment labeling to determine the transportation of sediments by water flow in rivers, estuaries, harbors, and seas. The half-life of 46Sc is about 84 days and when released into an estuary with similar grain density and grain size, a gamma spectrometer (instrument for measuring the intensity of gamma radiation versus the energy of each photon) can be used to measure the intensities of 46Sc in the sediments and the movement of the sediments can be determined [191] A. Plata-Bedmar. Topical Reports, IAEA Bulletin (1988)., [192] K. Krishnamurthy, S. M. Rao. J. Hydrol.19, 189 (1973)., [193] I. Rehana, K. A. Shahid, S. Husain, D. Muhammad. Appl. Radiat. Isot.51, 115 (1999)..
Isotopes in Industry
46Sc is a beta emitter and has been used as a tracer in oil refinery crackers for crude oil (converting crude oil into gasoline and other lower-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions). Its beta radiation enables the substance to be tracked as the oil travels [194] J. Guizerix, V. Markovic, P. Airey. Nuclear Techniques for Peaceful Development, IAEA Bulletin (1987).. Due to its easily traceable properties, coastal engineers use 46Sc to develop dredging strategies and to design navigation channels based on silt movement [192] K. Krishnamurthy, S. M. Rao. J. Hydrol.19, 189 (1973)..
Isotopes in Medicine
46Sc is used in isotope-carrying antibodies for bonding with tumor-associated cell surface antigens (substances that causes the production of an antibody when introduced into the body, e.g. toxins, bacteria, and viruses). 46Sc is added to DTPA-derivatized (process by which a compound is chemically changed, producing a new compound that has properties more amenable to a particular analytical method) monoclonal antibodies and has been shown to target tumor cells, specifically in vivo, where it accumulates to high levels in the tumor (Fig. IUPAC.21.1) [195] W. T. Anderson, M. Strand. Cancer Res.45, 2154 (1985)., [196] J. E. Eyles, I. D. Spiers, E. D. Williamson, H. O. Alpar, E. D. Williamson. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.53, 601 (2001)..
Scandium forms predominantly trivalent compounds containing Sc³⁺. Scandium oxide, Sc₂O₃, is a refractory white solid and an important intermediate for preparing other scandium materials. Scandium fluoride, ScF₃, and scandium chloride, ScCl₃, are common salts, with the anhydrous chloride used in some synthetic chemistry. Organoscandium and scandium triflate, Sc(OTf)₃, are useful Lewis acids in research-scale catalysis. Stable lower oxidation states are uncommon under ordinary conditions, although unusual low-valent scandium species can be stabilized in specialized molecular or solid-state environments.
See more information at the Scandium compound page.
Massive scandium metal has low acute toxicity data and is not known to be biologically essential. Finely divided metal dust can present fire or explosion hazards and may irritate the respiratory tract. Soluble scandium salts should be handled as toxicologically incompletely characterized metal compounds. Radioactive scandium isotopes present isotope-specific radiation hazards; ⁴⁶Sc, for example, is a gamma emitter used mainly as a tracer and calibration source.
Little is yet known about the toxicity of scandium; therefore it should be handled with care.
Scandium is a trace constituent of many crustal rocks, commonly substituting for magnesium, iron, aluminum, or rare-earth elements in minerals. It has no major independent biogeochemical cycle and is not a nutrient. Weathering can disperse scandium into soils and sediments, where it tends to remain in mineral phases or adsorb to oxides and clays. Environmental releases are usually associated with mining, ore processing, and industrial handling of scandium-bearing residues.
Scandium is not mined widely as a primary product. Commercial supply is usually recovered as a by-product from selected uranium, titanium, nickel, rare-earth, or bauxite-related processing streams, where scandium is present at low concentrations. The main barrier to wider alloy use is not intrinsic performance but dependable, low-cost supply and purification capacity. Recycling is limited because scandium is used in small amounts and often dispersed in aluminum alloy scrap. Substitution is possible in many applications, but few substitutes reproduce the same strengthening effect in aluminum at such low additions.
Scandium is apparently much more abundant (the 23rd most) in the sun and certain stars than on earth (the 50th most abundant). It is widely distributed on earth, occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of beryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal component in the rare mineral thortveitite, found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite, and in wiikite and bazzite.
Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grienelaus who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800°C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal.
The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960.
Scandium is a relatively rare odd-Z element in the cosmos. It is produced in stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova-related processes, but in lower abundance than neighboring even-Z elements such as calcium and titanium. In planetary materials it behaves lithophile, concentrating mainly in silicate minerals rather than metallic cores or volatile phases.
- Scandium was discovered after its existence was predicted from a gap below boron in early periodic tables.
- Its name comes from Scandinavia, where scandium-bearing minerals were first studied.
- Aluminum-scandium alloys can retain fine strengthening precipitates after welding better than many conventional aluminum
- Scandium is often grouped with rare-earth elements in processing, although it is not a lanthanide.
- Natural scandium consists almost entirely of the stable isotope ⁴⁵Sc.
- Scandium oxide has a high melting point and is used as a precursor for many scandium chemicals.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 160 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या
- 170 pm सभी तत्वों की सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या
- 211 pm सभी तत्वों की वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- धात्विक त्रिज्या
- 144 pm सभी तत्वों की धात्विक त्रिज्या की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 2990 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- मोलर आयतन
- 0.015 L/mol
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- ठोस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- गलनांक
- 1540.85 °C सभी तत्वों की गलनांक की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- 2835.85 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
- तापीय चालकता
- 15.8 W/(m·K) सभी तत्वों की तापीय चालकता की तुलना करें →
- विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता
- 0.568 J/(g·K) सभी तत्वों की विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता
- 25.52 J/(mol·K) सभी तत्वों की मोलर ऊष्मा धारिता की तुलना करें →
- क्रिस्टल संरचना
- षट्कोणीय सघन संकुलित सभी तत्वों की क्रिस्टल संरचना की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
- 1.36 सभी तत्वों की विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग) की तुलना करें →
- विद्युतऋणात्मकता (ऐलन)
- 1.19
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 0.188 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 6.56149 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 12.799814 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 24.756924 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 73.489653 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 91.950317 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- 0, +1, +2, +3 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 3 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Ar] 4s2 3d1
ऊष्मागतिक
- गलन ऊष्मा
- 0.16582889 eV सभी तत्वों की गलन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- वाष्पन ऊष्मा
- 3.256465 eV सभी तत्वों की वाष्पन ऊष्मा की तुलना करें →
- ऊर्ध्वपातन ऊष्मा
- 3.923926 eV
- परमाणुकरण ऊष्मा
- 3.923926 eV
- परमाणुकरण एन्थैल्पी
- 3.915635 eV
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 21 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 24 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 29 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 1 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Sc-45
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1879
प्रचुरता
- प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी)
- 22 mg/kg सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (भूपर्पटी) की तुलना करें →
- प्रचुरता (महासागर)
- 6 × 10−7 mg/L सभी तत्वों की प्रचुरता (महासागर) की तुलना करें →
क्रिस्टल संरचना
- जालक स्थिरांक a
- 331 pm
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 9, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 7440-20-2 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 2D3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Sc
- InChI कुंजी
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास मापित
Sc: 3d¹ 4s²[Ar] 3d¹ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹ 4s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 45 स्थिर | 44.95590828 ± 0.00000077 | 100.0000% | स्थिर |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: गलनांक (1540.85 °C) से 1515.8 °C कम
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
संक्रमण ऊर्जाएँ
गलनांक पर 1 mol को पिघलाने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
क्वथनांक पर 1 mol को वाष्पित करने के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
ऊर्ध्वपातनांक पर 1 mol के ऊर्ध्वपातन के लिए आवश्यक ऊर्जा
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
मानक परिस्थितियों में
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
21 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखा डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | कुल रेखाएँ | संक्रमण प्रायिकताएँ | स्तर पदनाम |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sc I | 0 | 2198 | 260 | 1682 |
| Sc II | +1 | 829 | 139 | 829 |
| Sc III | +2 | 133 | 97 | 133 |
| Sc IV | +3 | 408 | 4 | 408 |
| Sc V | +4 | 456 | 16 | 456 |
| Sc VI | +5 | 79 | 12 | 75 |
| Sc VII | +6 | 70 | 37 | 70 |
| Sc VIII | +7 | 75 | 48 | 75 |
| Sc IX | +8 | 42 | 22 | 42 |
| Sc X | +9 | 99 | 29 | 99 |
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Sc I | 0 | 478 |
| Sc II | +1 | 169 |
| Sc III | +2 | 44 |
| Sc IV | +3 | 129 |
| Sc V | +4 | 119 |
| Sc VI | +5 | 40 |
| Sc VII | +6 | 35 |
| Sc VIII | +7 | 27 |
| Sc IX | +8 | 27 |
| Sc X | +9 | 68 |
आयनिक त्रिज्याएँ
| आवेश | उपसहसंयोजन | प्रचक्रण | त्रिज्या |
|---|---|---|---|
| +3 | 6 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 74.5 pm |
| +3 | 8 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 87 pm |
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (1)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 45 स्थिर | 44.95590828 ± 0.00000077 | 100.0000% | स्थिर | stable |
स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ
946 में से 50 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। डिफ़ॉल्ट रूप से केवल मापित तीव्रता वाली स्पेक्ट्रमी रेखाएँ दिखाई जाती हैं।
| तरंगदैर्घ्य (nm) | तीव्रता | आयनन अवस्था | प्रकार | संक्रमण | सटीकता | स्रोत | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 683.5026 nm | 640 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3P).4s 2P → 3d2.(3P).4p 2S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 681.9491 nm | 485 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(1D).4p 2F* → 3d.4s.(3D).5s 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 673.7872 nm | 465 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2F* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 673.945 nm | 360 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2F* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 681.7117 nm | 345 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3P).4s 2P → 3d2.(3P).4p 2S* | मापित | NIST | |
| 682.9509 nm | 335 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(1D).4p 2F* → 3d.4s.(3D).5s 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 406.8661 nm | 100 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.4d 2D → 3p6.4f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 744.9141 nm | 90 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.5s 2S → 3p6.5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 406.121 nm | 80 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.4d 2D → 3p6.4f 2F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 625.6013 nm | 80 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.4d 2D → 3p6.5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 503.2072 nm | 60 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.5p 2P* → 3p6.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 630.7603 nm | 60 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.4d 2D → 3p6.5p 2P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 499.2886 nm | 50 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.5p 2P* → 3p6.5d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 652.5571 nm | 40 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2D* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2D | मापित | NIST | |
| 671.4599 nm | 40 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2D* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 655.7842 nm | 35 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(1D).4p 2F* → 3d3 2D2 | मापित | NIST | |
| 688.5119 nm | 27 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d2.(3F).4d 4G | मापित | NIST | |
| 716.9083 nm | 27 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2D* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2F | मापित | NIST | |
| 688.1012 nm | 26 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d2.(3F).4d 4G | मापित | NIST | |
| 662.0207 nm | 21 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2F* → 3d3 2F | मापित | NIST | |
| 713.8107 nm | 19 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2D* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2F | मापित | NIST | |
| 467.0407 nm | 18 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 1D → 3p6.3d.4p 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 673.0754 nm | 18 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4D* → 4P | मापित | NIST | |
| 687.7343 nm | 18 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d2.(3F).4d 4G | मापित | NIST | |
| 431.4083 nm | 17 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 503.1021 nm | 17 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 1D → 3p6.3d.4p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 680.4611 nm | 17 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d2.(3F).4d 4D | मापित | NIST | |
| 437.4457 nm | 16 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 523.9813 nm | 16 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.4s2 1S → 3p6.3d.4p 1P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 552.679 nm | 16 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 1G → 3p6.3d.4p 1F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 430.5714 nm | 15 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 432.0732 nm | 15 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 478.0863 nm | 15 | Sc III | emission | 3p6.5p 2P* → 3p6.6s 2S | मापित | NIST | |
| 565.7896 nm | 15 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3P → 3p6.3d.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 624.5637 nm | 15 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3P → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 577.1538 nm | 14 | Sc IV | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | मापित | NIST | |
| 637.0486 nm | 14 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d.4d 1F → 3p6.3d.4f 1G* | मापित | NIST | |
| 660.4601 nm | 14 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 1D → 3p6.3d.4p 1D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 680.3677 nm | 14 | Sc I | emission | 3d.4s.(3D).4p 2F* → 3d.4s.(3D).4d 2G | मापित | NIST | |
| 725.7589 nm | 14 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d.(2D).4p2.(3P) 4F | मापित | NIST | |
| 401.4484 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d.4s 1D → 3p6.3d.4p 3F* | मापित | NIST | |
| 429.4767 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 432.4996 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 564.1001 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3P → 3p6.3d.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 565.8361 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3P → 3p6.3d.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 566.9042 nm | 13 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3P → 3p6.3d.4p 3P* | मापित | NIST | |
| 687.4193 nm | 13 | Sc I | emission | 3d2.(3F).4p 4F* → 3d2.(3F).4d 4G | मापित | NIST | |
| 385.9595 nm | 12 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d.4p 1F* → 3p6.3d.5s 1D | मापित | NIST | |
| 424.6822 nm | 12 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d.4s 1D → 3p6.3d.4p 1D* | मापित | NIST | |
| 435.4598 nm | 12 | Sc II | emission | 3p6.3d2 3F → 3p6.3d.4p 3F* | मापित | NIST |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 148 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 116 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 114 pm
वान डर वाल्स त्रिज्याएँ
- Batsanov
- 230 pm
- Alvarez
- 258 pm
- UFF
- 329.5 pm
- MM3
- 261 pm
परमाणु और धात्विक त्रिज्याएँ
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (राह्म)
- 263 pm
- धात्विक त्रिज्या (C12)
- 162 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 11
- Pettifor
- 20
- Glawe
- 48
विद्युतऋणात्मकता मापक्रम
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 3
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 97 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 10 a.u.
- C₆
- 1383 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1570 Ha·Bohr6
रासायनिक बंधुता
- प्रोटॉन बंधुता
- 914 kJ/mol
- गैसीय क्षारकता
- 892 kJ/mol
मीडेमा प्राचल
- मीडेमा मोलर आयतन
- 15.03 cm3/mol
- मीडेमा इलेक्ट्रॉन घनत्व
- 2
आपूर्ति जोखिम और अर्थशास्त्र
- उत्पादन संकेंद्रण
- 97
- सापेक्ष आपूर्ति जोखिम
- 10
- भंडार वितरण
- 50
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (प्रमुख उत्पादक)
- 24
- राजनीतिक स्थिरता (सबसे अधिक भंडार वाला देश)
- 24
प्रावस्था संक्रमण और अपररूप
| गलनांक | 1814.15 K |
| क्वथनांक | 3109.15 K |
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
परिरक्षण स्थिरांक (7)
| n | कक्षक | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.5434 |
| 2 | p | 3.9454 |
| 2 | s | 6.4264 |
| 3 | d | 13.8801 |
| 3 | p | 11.5938 |
| 3 | s | 10.6602 |
| 4 | s | 16.3676 |
क्रिस्टल त्रिज्याओं का विवरण (2)
| आवेश | CN | प्रचक्रण | rcrystal (pm) | उत्पत्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | VI | 88.5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VIII | 101 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (52)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 35 | p | — |
| 36 | p | — |
| 37 | p | — |
| 38 | p | — |
| 39 | p | 100% |
| 40 | B+ | 100% |
| 40 | B+p | 0.4% |
| 40 | B+A | 0% |
| 41 | B+ | 100% |
| 42 | B+ | 100% |
एक्स-रे प्रकीर्णन गुणक (598)
| ऊर्जा (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.06978 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.07987 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.09005 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.10033 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.11071 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.12118 |
| 11.0105 | — | 1.13176 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.14243 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.15321 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.16408 |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
2.2×101 milligrams per kilogram
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Scandium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele021.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
6×10-7 milligrams per liter
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Scandium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele021.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Scandium is apparently much more abundant (the 23rd most) in the sun and certain stars than on earth (the 50th most abundant). It is widely distributed on earth, occurring in very minute quantities in over 800 mineral species. The blue color of beryl (aquamarine variety) is said to be due to scandium. It occurs as a principal component in the rare mineral thortveitite, found in Scandinavia and Malagasy. It is also found in the residues remaining after the extraction of tungsten from Zinnwald wolframite, and in wiikite and bazzite.
Most scandium is presently being recovered from thortveitite or is extracted as a by-product from uranium mill tailings. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer, Brunger, and Grienelaus who electrolyzed a eutectic melt of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides at 700 to 800°C. Tungsten wire and a pool of molten zinc served as the electrodes in a graphite crucible. Pure scandium is now produced by reducing scandium fluoride with calcium metal.
The production of the first pound of 99% pure scandium metal was announced in 1960.
संदर्भ (1)
- [6] Scandium https://periodic.lanl.gov/21.shtml
संदर्भ
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Scandium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.