Flerovium (Fl)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
मानक परमाणु भार
[289]इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Rn] 7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (पूर्वानुमानित)गलनांक
उपलब्ध नहींक्वथनांक
-63.15 °Cघनत्व
9928 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
0, +1, +2, +4, +6विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
उपलब्ध नहींआयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
उपलब्ध नहींखोज का वर्ष
1998परमाणु त्रिज्या
180 pmविवरण
Flerovium is a synthetic superheavy element in group 14, below lead. It has been made only atom by atom in heavy-ion fusion reactions, and all confirmed isotopes are radioactive and short-lived. Its chemistry is dominated by strong relativistic effects, so it is not expected to behave as a simple heavier analogue of lead. Experimental chemical information is sparse, but it points to unusually weak metallic bonding and high volatility for a group 14 element.
Flerovium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Flerovium was named for the Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JIRN). In 1999, a collaboration of scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia (Figs. 4.114.1 and 4.114.2) and the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in the USA synthesized flerovium. They used nuclear reaction experiments to eventually produce 287Fl by cross-bombardments of 48Ca with both (even-A) 242Pu and (odd-A) 245Cm. The intermediate nuclide 283Cn was observed with known decay characteristics that established the synthesis of flerovium [668], [669]. Flerovium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
Flerovium was first produced by scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia in 1998. They bombarded atoms of plutonium with ions of calcium. This produced a single atom of flerovium-289, an isotope with a half-life of about 21 seconds. Flerovium's most stable isotope, flerovium-289, has a half-life of about 0.97 seconds. It decays into copernicium-285 through alpha decay.
Flerovium is radioactive and has the symbol Fl and the atomic number 114. The element is named after Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov, who founded the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was first discovered in 1999.
Element 114 has a 30-second half-life, which is much longer than element 112's. This is evidence of the "island of stability" that was predicted to occur around element 114 (where the combination of protons and neutrons would combine to make a stable structure).
A beam containing 48Ca was aimed into a244Pu target to make this atom.
The name Flerovium was adopted by IUPAC on May 31, 2012.
No macroscopic sample of flerovium has ever been prepared, so its appearance is not known. Calculations generally predict a dense metal, possibly with comparatively low cohesive energy, but color, texture, and ordinary bulk properties remain unobserved.
Flerovium has no practical use outside basic scientific research. Individual atoms are produced to study nuclear stability, decay chains, and the chemistry of superheavy elements near the predicted island of stability. Its isotopes are too short-lived and too difficult to make for use in materials, medicine, industry, or routine analytical standards. Reported applications are experimental targets, detectors, and chemical-separation studies rather than uses of stored flerovium material.
Since only a few atoms of flerovium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
Flerovium chemistry has been probed only with single atoms, mainly by observing adsorption behavior after production and decay. It is placed in group 14, but relativistic stabilization of the 7p₁/₂ electrons is expected to make the +2 state more accessible and the +4 state less robust than in lighter congeners such as lead. Specific compounds have not been isolated in weighable amounts. Theoretical studies consider species such as flerovium dioxide, FlO₂, and flerovium tetrachloride, FlCl₄, but their stability and structures are predictions rather than established preparative chemistry.
See more information at the Flerovium compound page.
The direct radiological hazard of flerovium is isotope-specific, but any produced atom decays rapidly by alpha emission or spontaneous fission through radioactive daughter nuclides. Macroscopic handling hazards are not characterized because no bulk material exists. In practice, safety concerns belong to accelerator operations, intense ion beams, radioactive targets, recoil products, and contaminated experimental hardware rather than to stored flerovium compounds.
Flerovium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms made in laboratories decay long before they could disperse as a persistent environmental contaminant. Any environmental relevance is tied to small amounts of target materials and activation products from nuclear research facilities, not to flerovium itself as a mobile or bioavailable element.
Flerovium has no commodity market, industrial supply chain, or recoverable stock. It is produced only in specialized accelerator experiments, commonly by bombarding actinide targets with heavy ions and identifying a few atoms through their decay sequences. The limiting costs are accelerator time, target preparation, radiochemical and detector infrastructure, and the rarity of successful fusion-evaporation events. There is no recycling economy for flerovium, because produced atoms decay before collection as material.
Made by bombarding plutonium-244 with calcium-48.
Flerovium is not known as a naturally occurring cosmic or planetary element. Superheavy nuclei may be formed transiently in extreme neutron-rich events, but isotopes of flerovium with known or expected half-lives would not survive over geological or cosmic timescales. Its significance is mainly as a laboratory probe of nuclear shell effects in very heavy atoms.
- Flerovium was named for the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna.
- Only single atoms have been used in chemical experiments on flerovium.
- Its group placement does not guarantee lead-like chemistry because relativistic effects are large.
- Gas-phase studies suggest unusually weak interaction with gold surfaces, but the data set is very small.
- Decay-chain identification is central to confirming flerovium production.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 180 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 9928 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- गैस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- -63.15 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- -0.5 eV (ऋणात्मक मान — परमाणु द्वारा अतिरिक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन बांधने की भविष्यवाणी नहीं)
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- 0, +1, +2, +4, +6 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 27 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Rn] 7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (पूर्वानुमानित)
ऊष्मागतिक
उपलब्ध नहीं
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 114 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 176 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 8 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 0 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- द्रव्यमान संख्या (सबसे स्थिर)
- 289
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Fl-290
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1998
प्रचुरता
उपलब्ध नहीं
क्रिस्टल संरचना
उपलब्ध नहीं
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 14, 10, 27 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 54085-16-4 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Fl
- InChI कुंजी
- WIHJCBVMYKIGOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास पूर्वानुमानित
——इस आयन के लिए इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास का डेटा उपलब्ध नहीं है।
परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
उपलब्ध नहीं
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
कोई स्थिर समस्थानिक नहीं है।
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 288 रेडियोधर्मी | 288.18757 ± 0.00091 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 653 ms |
| 287 रेडियोधर्मी | 287.18678 ± 0.00066 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 510 ms |
| 285 रेडियोधर्मी | 285.18364 ± 0.00047 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 210 ms |
| 286 रेडियोधर्मी | 286.18423 ± 0.00071 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 130 ms |
| 290 रेडियोधर्मी | 290.191875 ± 0.000752 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 80 सेकंड |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: क्वथनांक (-63.15 °C) से 88.1 °C अधिक
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
वर्तमान T पर आदर्श गैस नियम से अनुमानित
ठोस प्रावस्था के लिए क्रिस्टल संरचना का डेटा उपलब्ध नहीं है
समस्थानिक (5)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 288 रेडियोधर्मी | 288.18757 ± 0.00091 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 653 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 287 रेडियोधर्मी | 287.18678 ± 0.00066 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 510 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 285 रेडियोधर्मी | 285.18364 ± 0.00047 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 210 ms | α ≈100%SF<20% | |
| 286 रेडियोधर्मी | 286.18423 ± 0.00071 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 130 ms | α =59±1.1%SF =41±1.1% | |
| 290 रेडियोधर्मी | 290.191875 ± 0.000752 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 80 सेकंड | α ≈100%SF ?β+<50% |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 143 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 92
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 31 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 4 a.u.
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (17)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 284 | SF | 100% |
| 284 | A | — |
| 285 | A | 100% |
| 285 | SF | 20% |
| 286 | A | 59% |
| 286 | SF | 41% |
| 287 | A | 100% |
| 287 | SF | — |
| 288 | A | 100% |
| 288 | SF | — |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Flerovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele114.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Flerovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele114.html
संदर्भ
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Flerovium.