Copernicium (Cn)
transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
मानक परमाणु भार
[285]इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 (पूर्वानुमानित)गलनांक
उपलब्ध नहींक्वथनांक
-165.15 °Cघनत्व
1.4e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
+2, +4विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
उपलब्ध नहींआयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
उपलब्ध नहींखोज का वर्ष
1996परमाणु त्रिज्या
147 pmविवरण
Copernicium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 12, below zinc, cadmium, and mercury. It is known only from accelerator experiments that create individual atoms of short-lived isotopes. Relativistic effects are expected to make its chemistry unusually noble for a group 12 element, with weak metallic bonding and a comparatively volatile elemental state. Its confirmed properties are therefore mainly nuclear, while its chemical behavior remains partly experimental and partly theoretical.
Copernicium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Copernicium was synthesized by scientists at the GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany in 1996 (Fig. IUPAC.112.1). Sigurd Hofmann and an international team of scientists used the nuclear reaction 208Pb (70Zn, n) 277Cn. The observed alpha decays led to the known nuclide, 269Sg. The name, copernicium, was given to element 112 to honor astronomer Nicholas Copernicus, who is known for his heliocentric theory of how the planets orbit the Sun [663], [664]. Copernicium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
Copernicium is named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
Copernicium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany on February 9, 1996. They bombarded atoms of lead with ions of zinc with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced atoms of copernicium-277, an isotope with a half-life of about 0.24 milliseconds (0.00024 seconds). Copernicium's most stable isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of about 30 seconds. It decays into darmstadtium-281 through alpha decay.
On February 9, 1996, element 277Cn was created at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany by using the reaction 208Pb + 70Zn. Unlike element 110, Copernicium has properties more similar to radon than mercury, but due to its short half-life, it is difficult to study. As of 2011, Copernicum's most stable isotope has an atomic weight of 285.
No macroscopic sample of copernicium has been made, so its visible appearance is unknown. Calculations suggest a very volatile, weakly bound metal, possibly more gas-like in atom-at-a-time conditions than mercury, but this is not a directly observed bulk property.
Copernicium has no practical use outside scientific research. Its isotopes are produced one atom at a time to study superheavy nuclei, decay chains, and the influence of strong relativistic effects on chemical behavior. Experimental work with copernicium also helps test models used to predict the stability and chemistry of still heavier elements. No commercial, medical, structural, or electronic application is known or feasible with present production methods and isotope lifetimes.
Since only a few atoms of copernicium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
Originally, the symbol Cp was recommended for Copernicium. That symbol was rejected because Cp had previously been used for the element lutetium which, prior to 1949, had cassiopeium as an alternative allowed name. Please see this file for additional details.
Copernicium chemistry has been investigated only in atom-at-a-time experiments and by theory. The element is expected to favor the +2 oxidation state in compounds, by analogy with group 12 elements, but strong relativistic stabilization of the 7s electrons may make neutral copernicium especially inert. Studies of adsorption behavior suggest that elemental Cn interacts weakly with gold surfaces compared with mercury. Predicted species include copernicium(II) fluoride, CnF₂, and copernicium(II) chloride, CnCl₂, but well-characterized bulk compounds do not exist.
See more information at the Copernicium compound page.
The hazards of copernicium are dominated by radioactivity rather than ordinary chemical toxicity. All known isotopes are short-lived and decay mainly by alpha emission, with some decay chains involving spontaneous fission. The element is produced in quantities far too small for conventional handling or environmental exposure. In laboratories, risk control concerns the accelerator target, recoil products, and radioactive decay products, not bulk copernicium material.
Copernicium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no environmental cycle. Any atoms formed naturally, if at all, would decay rapidly and would not accumulate. Laboratory production yields isolated atoms that decay within controlled experimental systems. Consequently, environmental behavior such as solubility, transport in soils or waters, bioaccumulation, and ecological effects has not been observed for copernicium.
Copernicium has no commodity market, industrial supply chain, or recoverable source. It is made in heavy-ion fusion experiments, commonly by bombarding heavy actinide targets with accelerated ions, followed by separation and detection of a few decay events. Production depends on specialized accelerators, rare target materials, long beam times, and highly sensitive detectors. The limiting factors are nuclear reaction cross sections and isotope half-lives, not ore availability or refining capacity. Recycling and substitution have no practical meaning for this element outside research planning.
Made by bombarding lead-208 with zinc-70.
Copernicium is not expected to be a primordial or cosmically abundant element because its known isotopes decay far too quickly to survive since nucleosynthesis. Superheavy nuclei may be formed fleetingly in extreme astrophysical neutron-rich events, but no stable or long-lived copernicium isotope is known. It has no established role in planetary chemistry or extraterrestrial materials.
- Copernicium was named for Nicolaus Copernicus.
- Its chemistry is strongly affected by relativistic stabilization of the 7s electrons.
- Only individual atoms have been studied experimentally.
- The most useful evidence for its chemistry comes from rapid gas-phase adsorption experiments.
- Copernicium sits below mercury but may be even more volatile.
- Its discovery was credited to work at GSI in Darmstadt, Germany.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 147 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 1.4 × 104 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
- STP पर प्रावस्था
- गैस सभी तत्वों की STP पर प्रावस्था की तुलना करें →
- क्वथनांक
- -165.15 °C सभी तत्वों की क्वथनांक की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- -0.8 eV (ऋणात्मक मान — परमाणु द्वारा अतिरिक्त इलेक्ट्रॉन बांधने की भविष्यवाणी नहीं)
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- +2, +4 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 (पूर्वानुमानित)
ऊष्मागतिक
उपलब्ध नहीं
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 112 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 173 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 13 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 0 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- द्रव्यमान संख्या (सबसे स्थिर)
- 285
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Cn-285
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1996
प्रचुरता
उपलब्ध नहीं
क्रिस्टल संरचना
उपलब्ध नहीं
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 14, 10, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 54084-26-3 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cn
- InChI कुंजी
- NOTIIDSZELDPOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास पूर्वानुमानित
——इस आयन के लिए इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास का डेटा उपलब्ध नहीं है।
परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
उपलब्ध नहीं
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
कोई स्थिर समस्थानिक नहीं है।
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 277 रेडियोधर्मी | 277.16364 ± 0.00015 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 790 us |
| 281 रेडियोधर्मी | 281.16975 ± 0.00042 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 180 ms |
| 284 रेडियोधर्मी | 284.17416 ± 0.00091 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 102 ms |
| 276 रेडियोधर्मी | 276.16141 ± 0.00064 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 100 us |
| 279 रेडियोधर्मी | 279.16654 ± 0.0005 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 60 us |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
कारण: क्वथनांक (-165.15 °C) से 190.1 °C अधिक
सांकेतिक, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं
प्रावस्था संक्रमण बिंदु
घनत्व
मानक परिस्थितियों में
वर्तमान T पर आदर्श गैस नियम से अनुमानित
ठोस प्रावस्था के लिए क्रिस्टल संरचना का डेटा उपलब्ध नहीं है
समस्थानिक (5)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 277 रेडियोधर्मी | 277.16364 ± 0.00015 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 790 us | α =100% | |
| 281 रेडियोधर्मी | 281.16975 ± 0.00042 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 180 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 284 रेडियोधर्मी | 284.17416 ± 0.00091 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 102 ms | SF =100% | |
| 276 रेडियोधर्मी | 276.16141 ± 0.00064 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 100 us | α ?SF ? | |
| 279 रेडियोधर्मी | 279.16654 ± 0.0005 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 60 us | α ?SF ? |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 122 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 137 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 130 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 80
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 28 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 2 a.u.
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (23)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 276 | A | — |
| 276 | SF | — |
| 277 | A | 100% |
| 278 | A | — |
| 278 | SF | — |
| 279 | A | — |
| 279 | SF | — |
| 280 | A | — |
| 280 | SF | — |
| 281 | A | 100% |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Copernicium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele112.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
- [5] Copernicium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele112.html
संदर्भ
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Copernicium.