Hassium (Hs)
transition-metalSolid
मानक परमाणु भार
[270]इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
[Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d6गलनांक
उपलब्ध नहींक्वथनांक
उपलब्ध नहींघनत्व
4.07e+4 kg/m³ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
+3, +4, +6, +8विद्युतऋणात्मकता (पॉलिंग)
उपलब्ध नहींआयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
7.6 eVखोज का वर्ष
1984परमाणु त्रिज्या
126 pmविवरण
Hassium is a synthetic transactinide element in group 8, below osmium. It is known only from atom-at-a-time production in heavy-ion reactions, and all confirmed isotopes are radioactive and short-lived. Its chemistry is important mainly because it tests whether very heavy elements still follow periodic trends despite strong relativistic effects. Experiments show behavior consistent with a heavy osmium analogue, especially in the formation of a volatile tetroxide.
Hassium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Hassium was first synthesized by German scientists at the GSI Center for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt, Germany in 1984 using the nuclear reaction 208Pb (58Fe, n) 265Hs (Fig. IUPAC.108.1). The element is named for Hassia (the Latin name for the German state of Hesse), whose former capital was Darmstadt [651], [652], [653]. Hassium is used in chemical and heavy element research.
Hassium was first produced by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Münzenber and their team working at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany in 1984. They bombarded atoms of lead-208 with ions of iron-58 with a device known as a linear accelerator. This produced atoms of hassium-265, an isotope with a half-life of about 2 milliseconds (0.002 seconds), and a free neutron. Hassium's most stable isotope, hassium-270, has a half-life of about 22 seconds. It decays into seaborgium-266 through alpha decay.
Its name is Latin "Hassias" meaning "Hess," from the German state. Discovered by Peter Armbruster, Gottfried Munzenber and co-workers at GSI in Darmstadt, Germany in 1984.
No macroscopic sample of hassium has been prepared, so its visible appearance is unknown. Calculations predict a dense metallic solid under ordinary conditions, but color, crystal form, and most bulk physical properties have not been observed directly.
Hassium has no commercial, medical, or industrial use. Its use is confined to nuclear and chemical research, where individual atoms are made to study superheavy-element stability, decay chains, and relativistic effects on chemical behavior. Chemical experiments with hassium are also used to test group 8 periodicity at the end of the known periodic table. The element is not available in quantities suitable for materials testing or applied technology.
Since only small amounts of hassium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
The best-established chemical species is hassium tetroxide (HsO₄), formed in atom-at-a-time gas-phase experiments under oxidizing conditions. Its behavior is broadly comparable to osmium tetroxide (OsO₄), supporting the placement of hassium in group 8 and the accessibility of the +8 oxidation state. Other oxidation states and compounds are mainly predicted from theory or inferred by analogy with ruthenium and osmium. No isolable bulk hassium compound has been characterized.
See more information at the Hassium compound page.
Hassium isotopes are intensely radioactive on an atom-by-atom basis, decaying mainly by alpha emission and spontaneous fission, depending on the isotope. Because only a few atoms are produced, ordinary chemical toxicity has no practical relevance. The real hazards in hassium work come from accelerator operations, radioactive targets and products, recoil collection systems, and contamination control in specialized laboratories.
Hassium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms produced in laboratories decay rapidly, so environmental transport, bioaccumulation, and ecological effects have not been observed. If released as individual atoms or simple compounds, its chemistry would probably resemble that of a very heavy group 8 element, but this remains experimentally limited and environmentally irrelevant at present production scales.
Hassium has no commodity market, no industrial demand, and no practical supply chain. It is produced only in specialized nuclear laboratories by bombarding heavy actinide or lead targets with accelerated ions, yielding at most small numbers of atoms. The limiting factors are accelerator access, target preparation, detection efficiency, and isotope half-life rather than raw material price. There is no recycling or stockpiling of hassium as a usable material, because produced atoms decay during the experiment.
Formed by the bombardment of lead-208 with iron-58.
Hassium is not expected to persist as a primordial element because its known isotopes have half-lives far too short on geological or cosmic timescales. Superheavy nuclei in this mass region may be formed transiently in extreme neutron-rich nucleosynthesis, but no extraterrestrial hassium has been detected. Any such atoms would decay into lighter nuclides unless an unknown long-lived isotope existed.
- Hassium was named after Hesse, the German state where it was first synthesized.
- Its chemical study has been performed with single atoms carried through apparatus before they decay.
- The volatile tetroxide was central to confirming its group 8 character.
- Known hassium isotopes are identified largely through their decay chains.
- No weighed sample of hassium has ever existed.
चित्र
गुण
भौतिक
- परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक)
- 126 pm सभी तत्वों की परमाणु त्रिज्या (आनुभविक) की तुलना करें →
- घनत्व
- 4.07 × 104 kg/m³ सभी तत्वों की घनत्व की तुलना करें →
रासायनिक
- इलेक्ट्रॉन बंधुता
- 1.1 eV
- आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम)
- 7.6 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (प्रथम) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय)
- 18.200063 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (द्वितीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय)
- 29.300101 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (तृतीय) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ)
- 37.70013 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (चतुर्थ) की तुलना करें →
- आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम)
- 51.200176 eV सभी तत्वों की आयनन ऊर्जा (पंचम) की तुलना करें →
- ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ
- +3, +4, +6, +8 सभी तत्वों की ऑक्सीकरण अवस्थाएँ की तुलना करें →
- संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 8 सभी तत्वों की संयोजकता इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास
- [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d6
ऊष्मागतिक
उपलब्ध नहीं
नाभिकीय
- प्रोटॉन
- 108 सभी तत्वों की प्रोटॉन की तुलना करें →
- न्यूट्रॉन
- 161 सभी तत्वों की न्यूट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
- ज्ञात समस्थानिक
- 18 सभी तत्वों की ज्ञात समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- स्थिर समस्थानिक
- 0 सभी तत्वों की स्थिर समस्थानिक की तुलना करें →
- द्रव्यमान संख्या (सबसे स्थिर)
- 270
- सबसे स्थिर समस्थानिक
- Hs-269
- खोज का वर्ष
- 1984
प्रचुरता
उपलब्ध नहीं
क्रिस्टल संरचना
उपलब्ध नहीं
इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संरचना
- प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2 सभी तत्वों की प्रति कोश इलेक्ट्रॉन की तुलना करें →
पहचानकर्ता
- CAS संख्या
- 54037-57-9 सभी तत्वों की CAS संख्या की तुलना करें →
- टर्म प्रतीक
- 4
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Hs
- InChI कुंजी
- OBDWMWVOVYJOMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास पूर्वानुमानित
Hs: 5f¹⁴ 6d⁶ 7s²[Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d⁶ 7s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁶ 5f¹⁴ 6d⁶ 7s²परमाणु मॉडल
समस्थानिक न्यूट्रॉन की संख्या, द्रव्यमान और स्थिरता बदलते हैं — उदासीन परमाणु का इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास नहीं।
सांकेतिक परमाणु मॉडल, वास्तविक अनुपात में नहीं।
परमाणु पहचान-चिह्न
उत्सर्जन / अवशोषण स्पेक्ट्रम
समस्थानिक वितरण
कोई स्थिर समस्थानिक नहीं है।
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु |
|---|---|---|---|
| 273 रेडियोधर्मी | 273.14168 ± 0.0004 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 1060 ms |
| 274 रेडियोधर्मी | 274.1433 ± 0.00063 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 500 ms |
| 275 रेडियोधर्मी | 275.14667 ± 0.00063 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 280 ms |
| 276 रेडियोधर्मी | 276.14846 ± 0.00086 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 100 ms |
| 280 रेडियोधर्मी | 280.159335 ± 0.000644 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 100 ms |
प्रावस्था / अवस्था
प्रावस्था/अवस्था का डेटा उपलब्ध नहीं है
परमाणु स्पेक्ट्रम
97 में से 10 दिखाए जा रहे हैं। आयन के आवेश के अनुसार आरोही क्रम में व्यवस्थित।
उपलब्ध ऊर्जा स्तर डेटा ?
| आयन | आवेश | स्तर |
|---|---|---|
| Hs I | 0 | 2 |
| Hs II | +1 | 2 |
| Hs III | +2 | 2 |
| Hs IV | +3 | 2 |
| Hs V | +4 | 2 |
| Hs VI | +5 | 2 |
| Hs VII | +6 | 2 |
| Hs VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Hs IX | +8 | 2 |
| Hs X | +9 | 2 |
प्रावस्था/अवस्था का डेटा उपलब्ध नहीं है
यौगिक
समस्थानिक (5)
| द्रव्यमान संख्या | परमाणु द्रव्यमान (u) | प्राकृतिक प्रचुरता | अर्धायु | क्षय का प्रकार | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 273 रेडियोधर्मी | 273.14168 ± 0.0004 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 1060 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 274 रेडियोधर्मी | 274.1433 ± 0.00063 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 500 ms | α ?SF ? | |
| 275 रेडियोधर्मी | 275.14667 ± 0.00063 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 280 ms | α =100% | |
| 276 रेडियोधर्मी | 276.14846 ± 0.00086 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 100 ms | α ?SF ? | |
| 280 रेडियोधर्मी | 280.159335 ± 0.000644 | उपलब्ध नहीं | 100 ms | α ?SF ? |
विस्तृत गुण
सहसंयोजक त्रिज्याएँ (विस्तृत)
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को)
- 134 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, द्विबंध)
- 125 pm
- सहसंयोजक त्रिज्या (प्यूक्को, त्रिबंध)
- 118 pm
संख्यांकन मापक्रम
- Mendeleev
- 62
ध्रुवणीयता और परिक्षेपण
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता
- 36 a.u.
- द्विध्रुव ध्रुवणीयता (अनिश्चितता)
- 4 a.u.
ऑक्सीकरण अवस्था की श्रेणियाँ
उन्नत संदर्भ डेटा
समस्थानिक क्षय के प्रकार (33)
| समस्थानिक | मोड | तीव्रता |
|---|---|---|
| 263 | A | 100% |
| 263 | SF | — |
| 264 | A | 70% |
| 264 | SF | 30% |
| 265 | A | 100% |
| 265 | SF | — |
| 266 | A | 76% |
| 266 | SF | 24% |
| 267 | A | 80% |
| 267 | SF | — |
अतिरिक्त डेटा
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
संदर्भ (1)
संदर्भ
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Hassium.