Hafnium (Hf)
transition-metalSolid
Peso atómico estándar
178,49 uConfiguración electrónica
[Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d2Punto de fusión
2232,85 °CPunto de ebullición
4602,85 °CDensidad
1,33e+4 kg/m³Estados de oxidación
−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4Electronegatividad (Pauling)
1,3Energía de ionización (1.ª)
6,82507 eVAño de descubrimiento
1911Radio atómico
155 pmDetalles
Hafnium is a dense, corrosion-resistant transition metal in group 4, chemically close to zirconium. It occurs almost entirely with zirconium minerals and is difficult to separate because the two elements have similar ionic sizes and chemistry. A defining technological feature is its very large thermal-neutron absorption cross section, which contrasts with zirconium's low absorption and makes high-purity separation important for nuclear applications.
Hafnium is a ductile metal with a brilliant silver luster. Its properties are considerably influenced by presence of zirconium impurities. Of all the elements, zirconium and hafnium are two of the most difficult to separate. Although their chemistry is almost identical, the density of zirconium is about half of hafnium. Very pure hafnium has been produced, with zirconium being the major impurity.
Hafnium has been successfully alloyed with iron, titanium, niobium, tantalum, and other metals. Hafnium carbide is the most refractory binary composition known, and the nitride is the most refractory of all known metal nitrides (m.p. 3310C). At 700 degrees C hafnium rapidly absorbs hydrogen to form the composition HfH1.86.
Hafnium is resistant to concentrated alkalis, but at elevated temperatures reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, and silicon. Halogens react directly to form tetrahalides.
The name derives from the Latin hafnia for Copenhagen. An element named celtium was erroneously claimed to have been discovered in 1911 by the French chemist Georges Urbain in rare earth samples, until the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, predicted hafnium's properties using his theory of electronic configuration of the elements. Bohr argued that hafnium would not be a rare earth element, but would be found in zirconium ore. Hafnium was discovered by the Dutch physicist Dirk Coster and the Hungarian physicist George von Hevesy in 1923, while working at Bohr's Institute in Copenhagen.
Hafnium was discovered by Dirk Coster, a Danish chemist, and George Charles de Hevesy, a Hungarian chemist, in 1923. They used a method known as X-ray spectroscopy to study the arrangement of the outer electrons of atoms in samples of zirconium ore. The electron structure of hafnium had been predicted by Niels Bohr and Coster and Hevesy found a pattern that matched. Hafnium is difficult to separate from zirconium and is present in all of its ores. It is obtained with the same methods used to extract zirconium.
From Hafinia, the Latin name for Copenhagen. Many years before its discovery in 1923 (credited to D. Coster and G. von Hevesey), Hafnium was thought to be present in various minerals and concentrations. On the basis of the Bohr theory, the new element was expected to be associated with zirconium.
It was finally identified in zircon from Norway, by means of X-ray spectroscope analysis. It was named in honor of the city in which the discovery was made. Most zirconium minerals contain 1 to 5 percent hafnium.
It was originally separated from zirconium by repeated recrystallization of the double ammonium or potassium fluorides by von Hevesey and Jantzen. Metallic hafnium was first prepared by van Arkel and deBoer by passing the vapor of the tetraiodide over a heated tungsten filament. Almost all hafnium metal now produced is made by reducing the tetrachloride with magnesium or with sodium (Kroll Process).
Pure hafnium is a lustrous, silvery-gray metal. It is solid and ductile under ordinary conditions and develops a thin protective oxide film in air. Finely divided hafnium can be much more reactive than bulk metal.
Hafnium is used chiefly where neutron absorption or high-temperature stability is valuable. Metallic hafnium is used in control rods and other neutron-absorbing components in some nuclear reactors. Hafnium-containing superalloys and refractory alloys can improve high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance. Hafnium dioxide, HfO₂, is used as a high-k dielectric material in semiconductor devices, replacing or supplementing silicon dioxide in advanced gate stacks. Hafnium compounds also appear in specialty ceramics, optical coatings, and catalysts, but these uses are smaller than zirconium-related industrial chemistry.
Hafnium is a good absorber of neutrons and is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors. Hafnium is also used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes. Hafnium has been used as an alloying agent in iron, titanium, niobium and other metals.
Melting near 3890°C, hafnium carbide (HfC) has the highest melting point of any known two-element compound. Hafnium nitride (HfN) also has a high melting point, around 3305°C. Other hafnium compounds include: hafnium chloride (HfCl4), hafnium fluoride (HfF4) and hafnium oxide (HfO2).
Because the element not only has a good absorption cross section for thermal neutrons (almost 600 times that of zirconium), but also excellent mechanical properties and is extremely corrosion-resistant, hafnium is used for reactor control rods. Such rods are used in nuclear submarines.
Hafnium is used in gas-filled and incandescent lamps, and is an efficient getter for scavenging oxygen and nitrogen.
Isotopes in Geochronology
Some 176Hf is radiogenic as a result of it being formed as a product of beta decay of radioactive 176Lu (half-life of 3.73×1010 years) [301] G. Faure. Principles of Isotope Geology, 2nd Edition. p. 608. Wiley, New York (1986).. Thus, relations between the isotope-amount ratiosn(176Hf)/n(177Hf) and n(176Hf)/n(176Lu) have been used to determine the ages of minerals and rocks. Because of the long half-life of 176Lu, these ratios have been used in geochronology studies that document some of the oldest rocks in the Solar System and on Earth (Fig. IUPAC.72.1).
Hafnium isotopic compositions of terrestrial materials evolved differently depending on the relative rates of 176Hf production. Geologists can use calculated lutetium-hafnium ages and the initial isotope-amount ratio n(176Hf)/n(177Hf) along with other isotopic data from the oldest rocks in the Earth to infer that the Earth’s crust differentiated within the first few hundred million years after condensation of the oldest solid matter in the Solar System [502] E. Scherer, C. Münker, K. Mezger. Science293, 683 (2001)..
Radioactive 182Hf decays to 182W with a half-life of 8.9×106 years, which is much less than the age of meteorites and the Earth. Therefore, measurements of the amounts of hafnium and tungsten isotopes in meteorites and terrestrial samples reveal the earlier presence of 182Hf. As a result, this provides information about chemical differentiation and evolution of the early Solar System [503] T. Kleine, M. Touboul, B. Bourdon, F. Nimmo, K. Mezger, H. Palme, S. B. Jacobsen, Q. Z. Yin, A. N. Halliday. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta73, 5150 (2009)., [504] A. Schersten. Re-Os, Pt-Os and Hf-W Isotopes and Tracing the Core in Mantle Melts, MantlePlumes.org (2014), Feb. 25; http://www.mantleplumes.org/Os-W.html..
Hafnium chemistry is dominated by the +4 oxidation state, reflecting the stable Hf⁴⁺ ion and strong bonding to oxygen, halides, and other hard donor atoms. Hafnium dioxide, HfO₂, is a refractory, chemically durable oxide with high dielectric constant. Hafnium tetrachloride, HfCl₄, is a volatile moisture-sensitive chloride used in purification and chemical vapor or atomic layer deposition chemistry. Organometallic and amide precursors such as tetrakis(dimethylamido)hafnium, Hf[N(CH₃)₂]₄, are important for thin-film deposition. Lower oxidation states exist but are less common and often require specialized conditions.
See more information at the Hafnium compound page.
Bulk hafnium metal is generally of low acute chemical toxicity, but metal dust or powder can ignite and should be treated as a combustible solid. Hafnium compounds vary in hazard; soluble salts, halides, and organometallic precursors may be corrosive, moisture-sensitive, or toxic by inhalation or skin contact. Hafnium is not naturally radioactive in ordinary material, but reactor-exposed hafnium may contain activation products that require radiological control.
Finely divided hafnium is pyrophoric and can ignite spontaneously in air. Care should be taken when machining the metal or when handling hot sponge hafnium.
Hafnium is a trace lithophile element and follows zirconium in igneous rocks, sands, and resistant minerals. It is commonly hosted in zircon, ZrSiO₄, where hafnium substitutes for zirconium. The element has low mobility in most surface environments because its oxides and silicate-hosted forms are sparingly soluble. It has no known biological role, and environmental concentrations are normally controlled by the distribution and weathering resistance of zirconium minerals.
Hafnium is not usually mined as a primary product. It is recovered during the processing of zirconium minerals, especially when nuclear-grade zirconium is purified to remove neutron-absorbing impurities. Separation from zirconium is the central cost and supply constraint, commonly involving solvent extraction or related chemical fractionation followed by conversion to metal or compounds. Demand is concentrated in nuclear control materials, semiconductor precursors, and specialized high-temperature alloys. Supply is therefore tied to zirconium processing capacity and to the need for very low-hafnium zirconium in reactor fuel cladding, rather than to abundant independent hafnium ores.
Obtained from mineral zircon or baddeleyite.
Hafnium is a heavy element made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, with contributions from both slow and rapid neutron capture. It is far less abundant cosmically than lighter rock-forming elements. In planetary materials it behaves as a refractory lithophile element, condensing into high-temperature solids and concentrating with zirconium-bearing minerals rather than in metallic cores or volatile phases.
- Hafnium was one of the last stable elements to be identified in nature.
- Its name comes from Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen.
- Zircon can contain enough hafnium to make separation important even when hafnium is not the desired product.
- Hafnium and zirconium are chemically so similar that early analytical work often missed hafnium.
- Hafnium carbide and tantalum hafnium carbide are noted for extremely high melting behavior.
Imágenes
Propiedades
Físicas
- Radio atómico (empírico)
- 155 pm Comparar Radio atómico (empírico) de todos los elementos →
- Radio covalente
- 175 pm Comparar Radio covalente de todos los elementos →
- Radio de van der Waals
- 212 pm Comparar Radio de van der Waals de todos los elementos →
- Radio metálico
- 144 pm Comparar Radio metálico de todos los elementos →
- Densidad
- 1,33 × 104 kg/m³ Comparar Densidad de todos los elementos →
- Volumen molar
- 0,0136 L/mol
- Fase en CNPT
- Sólido Comparar Fase en CNPT de todos los elementos →
- Punto de fusión
- 2232,85 °C Comparar Punto de fusión de todos los elementos →
- Punto de ebullición
- 4602,85 °C Comparar Punto de ebullición de todos los elementos →
- Conductividad térmica
- 23 W/(m·K) Comparar Conductividad térmica de todos los elementos →
- Capacidad calorífica específica
- 0,144 J/(g·K) Comparar Capacidad calorífica específica de todos los elementos →
- Capacidad calorífica molar
- 25,73 J/(mol·K) Comparar Capacidad calorífica molar de todos los elementos →
- Estructura cristalina
- Hexagonal compacta Comparar Estructura cristalina de todos los elementos →
Químicas
- Electronegatividad (Pauling)
- 1,3 Comparar Electronegatividad (Pauling) de todos los elementos →
- Electronegatividad (Allen)
- 1,16
- Afinidad electrónica
- 0,178 eV
- Energía de ionización (1.ª)
- 6,82507 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (1.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (2.ª)
- 14,61005 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (2.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (3.ª)
- 22,550078 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (3.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (4.ª)
- 33,370115 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (4.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (5.ª)
- 68,370235 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (5.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Estados de oxidación
- −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 Comparar Estados de oxidación de todos los elementos →
- Electrones de valencia
- 4 Comparar Electrones de valencia de todos los elementos →
- Configuración electrónica
- [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d2
Termodinámicas
- Calor de fusión
- 0,26667358 eV Comparar Calor de fusión de todos los elementos →
- Calor de vaporización
- 5,959476 eV Comparar Calor de vaporización de todos los elementos →
- Calor de sublimación
- 6,436234 eV
- Calor de atomización
- 6,436234 eV
- Entalpía de atomización
- 6,409286 eV
Nucleares
- Protones
- 72 Comparar Protones de todos los elementos →
- Neutrones
- 108 Comparar Neutrones de todos los elementos →
- Isótopos conocidos
- 38 Comparar Isótopos conocidos de todos los elementos →
- Isótopos estables
- 4 Comparar Isótopos estables de todos los elementos →
- Isótopo más estable
- Hf-180
- Año de descubrimiento
- 1911
Abundancia
- Abundancia (corteza terrestre)
- 3 mg/kg Comparar Abundancia (corteza terrestre) de todos los elementos →
- Abundancia (océano)
- 7 × 10−6 mg/L Comparar Abundancia (océano) de todos los elementos →
Estructura cristalina
- Constante de red a
- 320 pm
Estructura electrónica
- Electrones por capa
- 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2 Comparar Electrones por capa de todos los elementos →
Identificadores
- Número CAS
- 7440-58-6 Comparar Número CAS de todos los elementos →
- Símbolo del término
- 3F2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Hf
- Clave InChI
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuración electrónica Medido
Hf: 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²Modelo atómico
Los isótopos cambian el número de neutrones, la masa y la estabilidad, pero no la configuración electrónica de un átomo neutro.
Modelo atómico esquemático, no a escala.
Huella atómica
Espectro de emisión / absorción
Distribución isotópica
| Número másico | Masa atómica (u) | Abundancia natural | Periodo de semidesintegración |
|---|---|---|---|
| 176 Estable | 175,9414076 ± 0,0000022 | 5,2600% | Estable |
| 178 Estable | 177,9437058 ± 0,000002 | 27,2800% | Estable |
| 179 Estable | 178,9458232 ± 0,000002 | 13,6200% | Estable |
| 180 Estable | 179,946557 ± 0,000002 | 35,0800% | Estable |
Fase / Estado
Motivo: 2207,8 °C por debajo del punto de fusión (2232,85 °C)
Esquemático, no a escala
Puntos de transición de fase
Energías de transición
Energía necesaria para fundir 1 mol en el punto de fusión
Energía necesaria para vaporizar 1 mol en el punto de ebullición
Energía necesaria para sublimar 1 mol en el punto de sublimación
Densidad
En condiciones estándar
En condiciones estándar
Espectros atómicos
Se muestran 10 de 72. Ordenado por carga del ion (ascendente).
Líneas disponibles ?
| Ion | Carga | Total de líneas | Probabilidades de transición | Designaciones de los niveles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hf I | 0 | 5341 | 187 | 3821 |
| Hf II | +1 | 218 | 2 | 10 |
| Hf III | +2 | 37 | 0 | 0 |
| Hf IV | +3 | 27 | 0 | 0 |
| Hf V | +4 | 82 | 0 | 0 |
Niveles disponibles ?
| Ion | Carga | Niveles |
|---|---|---|
| Hf I | 0 | 333 |
| Hf II | +1 | 125 |
| Hf III | +2 | 2 |
| Hf IV | +3 | 2 |
| Hf V | +4 | 2 |
| Hf VI | +5 | 2 |
| Hf VII | +6 | 2 |
| Hf VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Hf IX | +8 | 2 |
| Hf X | +9 | 2 |
Radios iónicos
| Carga | Coordinación | Espín | Radio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +4 | 4 | N/D | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +4 | 6 | N/D | 71 pm |
| +4 | 7 | N/D | 76 pm |
| +4 | 8 | N/D | 83 pm |
Compuestos
Isótopos (4)
| Número másico | Masa atómica (u) | Abundancia natural | Periodo de semidesintegración | Modo de desintegración | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 176 Estable | 175,9414076 ± 0,0000022 | 5,2600% ± 0,0700% | Estable | stable | |
| 178 Estable | 177,9437058 ± 0,000002 | 27,2800% ± 0,0700% | Estable | stable | |
| 179 Estable | 178,9458232 ± 0,000002 | 13,6200% ± 0,0200% | Estable | stable | |
| 180 Estable | 179,946557 ± 0,000002 | 35,0800% ± 0,1600% | Estable | stable |
Líneas espectrales
Se muestran 50 de 1890. De forma predeterminada, solo se muestran las líneas espectrales con intensidad medida.
| Longitud de onda (nm) | Intensidad | Estado de ionización | Tipo | Transición | Exactitud | Fuente | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 417.433998 nm | 48000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 380.03629 nm | 36000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 382.072307 nm | 34000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 723.71003 nm | 34000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 384.917811 nm | 32000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 2F).6p y 1D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 713.1807 nm | 32000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 389.993003 nm | 29000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 395.181289 nm | 26000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 385.830632 nm | 25000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 724.0873 nm | 21000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 393.137246 nm | 19000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 480.049829 nm | 17000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 397.347912 nm | 15000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 706.38474 nm | 15000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 381.177553 nm | 14000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 3G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 555.06011 nm | 14000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 555.211884 nm | 14000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 456.593715 nm | 13000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p y 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 435.630591 nm | 12000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 445.734411 nm | 12000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 459.87979 nm | 12000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 462.086529 nm | 12000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 465.518924 nm | 12000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p z 3S* | Medida | NIST | |
| 380.044548 nm | 11000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p z 5S* | Medida | NIST | |
| 429.477692 nm | 11000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 681.89395 nm | 11000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 396.799621 nm | 10000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 406.28356 nm | 10000 | Hf I | emission | 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1D* → 3512 | Medida | NIST | |
| 497.525232 nm | 10000 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 454.093108 nm | 8400 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 443.80364 nm | 8300 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p z 3S* | Medida | NIST | |
| 446.117576 nm | 8300 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p z 3S* | Medida | NIST | |
| 459.891547 nm | 8300 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 408.33549 nm | 8000 | Hf I | emission | 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1D* → 3499 | Medida | NIST | |
| 571.91718 nm | 7300 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 403.225898 nm | 7200 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 478.27405 nm | 7100 | Hf I | emission | 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3F* → 6p2.(3P).5d.(2D).6s c 3D | Medida | NIST | |
| 383.001314 nm | 6700 | Hf I | emission | 5d3.(b 4F).6s a 5F → 5d2.(b 1D).6s.(b 2D).6p v 3F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 504.743848 nm | 6500 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 485.92338 nm | 6400 | Hf I | emission | 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 3F* → 3512 | Medida | NIST | |
| 386.09058 nm | 6300 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 2F).6p y 1F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 441.790242 nm | 6200 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 388.935622 nm | 5900 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1D → 5d2.(a 3P).6s.(a 4P).6p y 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 469.90048 nm | 5900 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5G* → 5d2.(3F).6s.(a 4F).7s b 5F | Medida | NIST | |
| 678.92714 nm | 5900 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 433.027751 nm | 5800 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p y 3F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 410.65431 nm | 5600 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 1G → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 2F).6p y 1F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 426.34428 nm | 5400 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 477.37157 nm | 5400 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3P → 5d.6s2.(a 2D).6p z 1P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 590.29382 nm | 5400 | Hf I | emission | 5d2.6s2 a 3F → 5d2.(a 3F).6s.(a 4F).6p z 5G* | Medida | NIST |
Propiedades ampliadas
Radios covalentes (ampliados)
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 152 pm
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö, enlace doble)
- 128 pm
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö, enlace triple)
- 122 pm
Radios de van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 225 pm
- Alvarez
- 263 pm
- UFF
- 314,1 pm
- MM3
- 253 pm
Radios atómicos y metálicos
- Radio atómico (Rahm)
- 264 pm
- Radio metálico (C12)
- 159 pm
Escalas de numeración
- Mendeleev
- 45
- Pettifor
- 50
- Glawe
- 50
Escalas de electronegatividad
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarizabilidad y dispersión
- Polarizabilidad dipolar
- 103 a.u.
- Polarizabilidad dipolar (incert.)
- 6 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 1040 Ha·Bohr6
Parámetros de Miedema
- Volumen molar de Miedema
- 13,45 cm3/mol
- Densidad electrónica de Miedema
- 3
Transiciones de fase y alótropos
| Punto de fusión | 2506,15 K |
| Punto de ebullición | 4873,15 K |
Categorías de estados de oxidación
Datos de referencia avanzados
Constantes de apantallamiento (14)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1,3984 |
| 2 | p | 4,4012 |
| 2 | s | 18,8102 |
| 3 | d | 13,5702 |
| 3 | p | 21,0168 |
| 3 | s | 21,6885 |
| 4 | d | 36,476 |
| 4 | f | 39,7904 |
| 4 | p | 34,0704 |
| 4 | s | 33,0228 |
Detalle de los radios cristalinos (4)
| Carga | CN | Espín | rcrystal (pm) | Origen |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | IV | 72 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VI | 85 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VII | 90 | ||
| 4 | VIII | 97 |
Modos de desintegración de los isótopos (46)
| Isótopo | Modo | Intensidad |
|---|---|---|
| 153 | B+ | — |
| 154 | B+ | 100% |
| 154 | A | 0% |
| 155 | B+ | 100% |
| 155 | A | — |
| 156 | A | 100% |
| 156 | B+ | — |
| 157 | A | 94% |
| 157 | B+ | 14% |
| 158 | B+ | 55,7% |
Factores de dispersión de rayos X (514)
| Energía (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 2,62338 |
| 10,1617 | — | 2,71485 |
| 10,3261 | — | 2,80951 |
| 10,4931 | — | 2,90326 |
| 10,6628 | — | 2,98247 |
| 10,8353 | — | 3,06384 |
| 11,0106 | — | 3,14744 |
| 11,1886 | — | 3,21346 |
| 11,3696 | — | 3,27509 |
| 11,5535 | — | 3,33789 |
Datos adicionales
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.0 milligrams per kilogram
Referencias (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
7×10-6 milligrams per liter
Referencias (1)
Referencias
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Hafnium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.