Tellurium (Te)
metalloidSolid
Peso atómico estándar
127,6 uConfiguración electrónica
[Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4Punto de fusión
449,51 °CPunto de ebullición
987,85 °CDensidad
6232 kg/m³Estados de oxidación
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6Electronegatividad (Pauling)
2,1Energía de ionización (1.ª)
9,009808 eVAño de descubrimiento
1782Radio atómico
140 pmDetalles
Tellurium is a brittle metalloid in group 16, below selenium and above polonium. It is chemically related to sulfur and selenium but is more metallic, less abundant, and more easily reduced. In nature it occurs mainly as telluride minerals and as a minor constituent of copper ores. Its technological importance comes from semiconducting and thermoelectric compounds, cadmium telluride photovoltaics, and small alloying additions that modify machinability and corrosion behavior.
Crystalline tellurium has a silvery-white appearance, and when pure it exhibits a metallic luster. It is brittle and easily pulverized. Amorphous tellurium is found by precipitating tellurium from a solution of telluric or tellurous acid. Whether this form is truly amorphous, or made of minute crystals, is open to question. Tellurium is a p-type semiconductor, and shows greater conductivity in certain directions, depending on alignment of the atoms.
Its conductivity increases slightly with exposure to light. It can be doped with silver, copper, gold, tin, or other elements. In air, tellurium burns with a greenish-blue flames, forming the dioxide. Molten tellurium corrodes iron, copper, and stainless steel.
The name derives from the Latin Tellus, who was the Roman goddess of the Earth. Tellurium was discovered by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein in 1782 and overlooked for 15 years until it was isolated by the German chemist Martin-Heinrich Klaproth in 1798. The Hungarian chemist Paul Kitaibel independently discovered tellurium in 1789, prior to Klaproth's work but after von Reichenstein.
Tellurium was discovered by Franz Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, a Romanian mining official, in 1782. Reichenstein was the chief inspector of all mines, smelters and saltworks in Transylvania. He also had an interest in chemistry and extracted a new metal from an ore of gold, known as aurum album, which he believed was antimony. He shortly realized that the metal he had produced wasn't antimony at all, but a previously unknown element. Reichenstein's work was forgotten until 1798 when Martin Heinrich Klaproth, a German chemist, mentioned the substance in a paper. Klaproth named the new element tellurium but gave full credit for its discovery to Reichenstein. Tellurium is found free in nature, but is most often found in the ores sylvanite (AgAuTe4), calaverite (AuTe2) and krennerite (AuTe2). Today, most tellurium is obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining copper.
From the Latin word tellus, earth. Discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782; named by Klaproth, who isolated it in 1798.
Pure tellurium is a silvery-white to gray, lustrous, crystalline solid at ordinary conditions. It is brittle and can be powdered, but it is not malleable. The common trigonal form has helical chains of atoms, giving the element anisotropic electrical and thermal properties.
The largest modern use of tellurium is in cadmium telluride, CdTe, thin-film solar cells. Tellurium is also used in bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, and related thermoelectric materials for cooling and power generation from temperature differences. Small additions to copper, steel, and lead improve machinability or modify mechanical properties. Tellurium compounds are used in some infrared optical materials, phase-change chalcogenide systems, and specialized vulcanization and glass applications, but these uses are smaller and material-specific.
Tellurium is a semiconductor and is frequently doped with copper, tin, gold or silver. Tellurium is also used to color glass and ceramics and is one of the primary ingredients in blasting caps.
Tellurium is primarily used as an alloying agent. Small amounts of tellurium are added to copper and stainless steel to make them easier to machine and mill. Tellurium is also added to lead to increase its strength and resistance to sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Tellurium forms many compounds, but none that are commercially important. They include: tellourous acid (H2TeO2), tellurium tetrachloride (TeCl4), tellurium dichloride (TeCl2), tellurium trioxide (TeO3), tellurium monoxide (TeO) and sodium telluride (Na2Te).
Tellurium improves the machinability of copper and stainless steel, and its addition to lead decreases the corrosive action of sulfuric acid on lead and improves its strength and hardness. Tellurium is used as a basic ingredient in blasting caps, and is added to cast iron for chill control. Tellurium is used in ceramics. Bismuth telluride has been used in thermoelectric devices.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Tellurium isotopes are a mixture of r-process, s-process, and p-process nucleosynthesis products, making them useful for studying the contribution of stellar products to the molecular cloud from which the Sun and planets were formed (Fig. IUPAC.52.1) [378] M. Fehr. Tellurium Isotopes and their Applications in Cosmo- and Geochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (2014), Feb. 26; http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:27380/eth-27380-01.pdf., [379] M. A. Fehr, M. Rehkämper, D. Porcelli, A. N. Halliday. Homogeneity of Tellurium Isotopes in Chondrites, Leachates of Allende and Canyon Diablo, Lunar and Planetary Science (2014), Feb. 26; http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2003/pdf/1655.pdf., [380] M. A. Fehr, M. Rehkämper, A. N. Halliday, U. Wiechert, B. Hattendorf, D. Günther, S. Ono, J. L. Eigenbrode, I. D. Rumble. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta69, 5099 (2005)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The double beta decay of 130Te (with a half-life of 7×1020 years) has been used for the determination of gas-retention ages of tellurium minerals [382] A. P. Meshik, C. M. Hohenberg, O. V. Pravdivtseva, T. J. Bernatowicz, Y. S. Kapustab. Nucl. Phys. A809, 275 (2008)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
120Te is used for the production of 120gI, where “g” indicates ground state, via the 120Te (p, n) 120gI reaction, which is used as a positron emission tomography (PET) and beta-emitting isotope [383] A. Hohn, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1493 (1998)., [384] H. Herzog, S. M. Qaim, L. Tellmann, S. Spellerberg, D. Kruecker, H. H. Coenen. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging33, 1249 (2006).. 120gI has a half-life of 1.36 h. 122Te is used in the production of the radioisotope 122I (with a half-life of 3.6 min) via the reaction 122Te (p, n) 122I, which is used in gamma imaging [385] A. Hohn, B. Scholten, H. H. Coenen, S. M. Qaim, Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 93 (1998).. 123Te is used for the production of radioactive 123I (with a half-life of 13.2 h) via the 123Te (p, n) 123I reaction, which is used in thyroid imaging [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008). and for in vivo medical studies using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008).. 124Te is used for the production of both 123I and the PET isotope 124I via the 124Te (p, 2n) 123I and 124Te (p, n) 124I reactions, respectively [386] T. Kakavand, M. Sadeghi, K. K. Moghaddam, S. S. Bonab, B. Fateh. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.5, 207 (2008)., [387] M. L. Firouzbakht, D. J. Schlyer, R. D. Finn, G. Laguzzi, A. P. Wolf. Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res. B79, 909 (1993)., [388] H. Herzog, L. Tellman, S. M. Qaim, S. Spellerberg, A. Schmid, H. H. Coenen. Appl. Radiat. Isot.56, 673 (2002)., [389] F. T. Lee, C. Hall, A. Rigopoulos, J. Zweit, K. Pathmaraj, G. J. O’Keefe, F. E. Smyth, S. Welt, L. J. Old, A. M. Scott. J. Nucl. Med.42, 764 (2001).. The half-life of 124I is 100 h.
Tellurium commonly shows oxidation states −2, +4, and +6, with +4 especially important in oxides and oxoanion chemistry. Hydrogen telluride, H₂Te, is an unstable and highly toxic hydride. Tellurium dioxide, TeO₂, is an amphoteric oxide used in tellurite glasses and as a chemical intermediate. Telluric acid, H₆TeO₆, contains tellurium in the +6 state. Metal tellurides include cadmium telluride, CdTe, and bismuth telluride, Bi₂Te₃, whose bonding and band structures are central to their electronic uses.
See more information at the Tellurium compound page.
Elemental tellurium has moderate acute toxicity, but dusts and fumes should be controlled because inhalation and ingestion can be harmful. Exposure to tellurium or some tellurium compounds can produce a persistent garlic-like odor in breath and sweat from volatile metabolites. Hydrogen telluride, H₂Te, is particularly hazardous. Cadmium telluride, CdTe, also requires controls because cadmium compounds are toxic, especially if dust is generated during manufacture or disposal.
Tellurium and its compounds are probably toxic and should be handled with care. Workmen exposed to as little as 0.01 mg/m3 of air, or less, develop "tellurium breath," which has a garlic-like odor.
Tellurium is a rare trace element in the crust and is strongly chalcophile, concentrating with sulfide and telluride mineral assemblages rather than forming abundant independent deposits. Weathering can release tellurium into soils and waters, where its speciation depends on redox conditions and pH. Tellurite and tellurate species can be mobile under some conditions, while reduction and adsorption tend to immobilize it. It has no known essential biological role for humans.
Tellurium is not usually mined as a primary product. Most commercial supply is recovered as a by-product from copper refining, especially from anode slimes produced during electrolytic purification. This dependence makes supply sensitive to copper ore composition, refinery practice, and the economics of by-product recovery rather than to tellurium demand alone. Demand is led by cadmium telluride photovoltaics and thermoelectric materials, with smaller metallurgical and chemical uses. Recycling is technically possible from manufacturing scrap and some end-of-life devices, but collection and separation can limit recovery.
Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element.
Tellurium is far less abundant in the universe than lighter chalcogens such as sulfur and selenium. Its stable isotopes are produced mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, including slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile element and is associated with sulfide-rich phases rather than silicate minerals.
- Tellurium was named from tellus, the Latin word for Earth.
- It is one of the few elements whose name refers to Earth rather than a celestial object or place of discovery.
- Natural tellurium contains several stable isotopes and very long-lived radioactive isotopes.
- The element can impart a garlic-like odor to breath at exposures far below severe poisoning levels.
- Tellurium improves the machinability of copper without requiring large alloy additions.
- Many useful tellurium materials are semiconductors rather than metallic conductors.
Imágenes
Propiedades
Físicas
- Radio atómico (empírico)
- 140 pm Comparar Radio atómico (empírico) de todos los elementos →
- Radio covalente
- 138 pm Comparar Radio covalente de todos los elementos →
- Radio de van der Waals
- 206 pm Comparar Radio de van der Waals de todos los elementos →
- Radio metálico
- 137 pm Comparar Radio metálico de todos los elementos →
- Densidad
- 6232 kg/m³ Comparar Densidad de todos los elementos →
- Volumen molar
- 0,0205 L/mol
- Fase en CNPT
- Sólido Comparar Fase en CNPT de todos los elementos →
- Punto de fusión
- 449,51 °C Comparar Punto de fusión de todos los elementos →
- Punto de ebullición
- 987,85 °C Comparar Punto de ebullición de todos los elementos →
- Conductividad térmica
- 14,3 W/(m·K) Comparar Conductividad térmica de todos los elementos →
- Capacidad calorífica específica
- 0,202 J/(g·K) Comparar Capacidad calorífica específica de todos los elementos →
- Capacidad calorífica molar
- 25,73 J/(mol·K) Comparar Capacidad calorífica molar de todos los elementos →
- Estructura cristalina
- Hexagonal compacta Comparar Estructura cristalina de todos los elementos →
Químicas
- Electronegatividad (Pauling)
- 2,1 Comparar Electronegatividad (Pauling) de todos los elementos →
- Electronegatividad (Allen)
- 2,158
- Afinidad electrónica
- 1,9708 eV
- Energía de ionización (1.ª)
- 9,009808 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (1.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (2.ª)
- 18,600064 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (2.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (3.ª)
- 27,840096 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (3.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (4.ª)
- 37,415629 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (4.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (5.ª)
- 59,300204 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (5.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Estados de oxidación
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 Comparar Estados de oxidación de todos los elementos →
- Electrones de valencia
- 6 Comparar Electrones de valencia de todos los elementos →
- Configuración electrónica
- [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p4
Termodinámicas
- Punto crítico (temperatura)
- 2056 °C
- Calor de fusión
- 0,1812717 eV Comparar Calor de fusión de todos los elementos →
- Calor de vaporización
- 0,54412603 eV Comparar Calor de vaporización de todos los elementos →
- Calor de sublimación
- 2,041768 eV
- Calor de atomización
- 2,041768 eV
- Entalpía de atomización
- 2,037622 eV
Nucleares
- Protones
- 52 Comparar Protones de todos los elementos →
- Neutrones
- 74 Comparar Neutrones de todos los elementos →
- Isótopos conocidos
- 42 Comparar Isótopos conocidos de todos los elementos →
- Isótopos estables
- 4 Comparar Isótopos estables de todos los elementos →
- Isótopo más estable
- Te-126
- Año de descubrimiento
- 1782
Abundancia
- Abundancia (corteza terrestre)
- 0,001 mg/kg Comparar Abundancia (corteza terrestre) de todos los elementos →
Estructura cristalina
- Constante de red a
- 445 pm
Estructura electrónica
- Electrones por capa
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 Comparar Electrones por capa de todos los elementos →
Identificadores
- Número CAS
- 13494-80-9 Comparar Número CAS de todos los elementos →
- Símbolo del término
- 3P2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Te
- Clave InChI
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuración electrónica Medido
Te: 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴Modelo atómico
Los isótopos cambian el número de neutrones, la masa y la estabilidad, pero no la configuración electrónica de un átomo neutro.
Modelo atómico esquemático, no a escala.
Huella atómica
Espectro de emisión / absorción
Distribución isotópica
| Número másico | Masa atómica (u) | Abundancia natural | Periodo de semidesintegración |
|---|---|---|---|
| 122 Estable | 121,9030435 ± 0,0000016 | 2,5500% | Estable |
| 124 Estable | 123,9028171 ± 0,0000016 | 4,7400% | Estable |
| 125 Estable | 124,9044299 ± 0,0000016 | 7,0700% | Estable |
| 126 Estable | 125,9033109 ± 0,0000016 | 18,8400% | Estable |
Fase / Estado
Motivo: 424,5 °C por debajo del punto de fusión (449,51 °C)
Esquemático, no a escala
Puntos de transición de fase
Energías de transición
Energía necesaria para fundir 1 mol en el punto de fusión
Energía necesaria para vaporizar 1 mol en el punto de ebullición
Energía necesaria para sublimar 1 mol en el punto de sublimación
Densidad
En condiciones estándar
En condiciones estándar
Avanzado
Espectros atómicos
Se muestran 10 de 52. Ordenado por carga del ion (ascendente).
Líneas disponibles ?
| Ion | Carga | Total de líneas | Probabilidades de transición | Designaciones de los niveles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Te I | 0 | 133 | 6 | 112 |
| Te II | +1 | 345 | 0 | 310 |
Niveles disponibles ?
| Ion | Carga | Niveles |
|---|---|---|
| Te I | 0 | 120 |
| Te II | +1 | 129 |
| Te III | +2 | 55 |
| Te IV | +3 | 16 |
| Te V | +4 | 45 |
| Te VI | +5 | 9 |
| Te VII | +6 | 60 |
| Te VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Te IX | +8 | 2 |
| Te X | +9 | 2 |
Radios iónicos
| Carga | Coordinación | Espín | Radio |
|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | 6 | N/D | 221 pm |
| +4 | 3 | N/D | 52 pm |
| +4 | 4 | N/D | 66 pm |
| +4 | 6 | N/D | 97 pm |
| +6 | 4 | N/D | 43 pm |
| +6 | 6 | N/D | 56.00000000000001 pm |
Compuestos
Isótopos (4)
Thirty isotopes of tellurium are known, with atomic masses ranging from 108 to 137. Natural tellurium consists of eight isotopes.
| Número másico | Masa atómica (u) | Abundancia natural | Periodo de semidesintegración | Modo de desintegración | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 122 Estable | 121,9030435 ± 0,0000016 | 2,5500% ± 0,1200% | Estable | stable | |
| 124 Estable | 123,9028171 ± 0,0000016 | 4,7400% ± 0,1400% | Estable | stable | |
| 125 Estable | 124,9044299 ± 0,0000016 | 7,0700% ± 0,1500% | Estable | stable | |
| 126 Estable | 125,9033109 ± 0,0000016 | 18,8400% ± 0,2500% | Estable | stable |
Líneas espectrales
Se muestran 50 de 74. De forma predeterminada, solo se muestran las líneas espectrales con intensidad medida.
| Longitud de onda (nm) | Intensidad | Estado de ionización | Tipo | Transición | Exactitud | Fuente | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 486.623 nm | 2300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4F | Medida | NIST | |
| 557.636 nm | 2100 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 570.812 nm | 1900 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 483.13 nm | 1600 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4P | Medida | NIST | |
| 564.926 nm | 1500 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 575.586 nm | 1500 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 544.984 nm | 1400 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 468.691 nm | 1310 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 476.605 nm | 1300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 2F | Medida | NIST | |
| 490.442 nm | 1300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 2F | Medida | NIST | |
| 566.622 nm | 1200 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 597.468 nm | 1200 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 548.795 nm | 1100 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 484.29 nm | 1000 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 486.513 nm | 1000 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 482.712 nm | 900 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 447.865 nm | 830 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 500.081 nm | 810 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 477.155 nm | 800 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4F | Medida | NIST | |
| 593.615 nm | 730 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* | Medida | NIST | |
| 464.111 nm | 680 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 470.654 nm | 670 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 436.402 nm | 650 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 636.713 nm | 570 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 469.638 nm | 560 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 416.977 nm | 540 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 463.062 nm | 540 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).7s 2P | Medida | NIST | |
| 478.488 nm | 510 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).6s 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 455.778 nm | 480 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 683.7663 nm | 430 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 404.716 nm | 400 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 428.583 nm | 370 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 394.798 nm | 340 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 422.572 nm | 340 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 396.921 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 410.105 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).5d 2S → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 412.732 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(1D).5d 2S → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 496.187 nm | 320 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4P* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6d 4D | Medida | NIST | |
| 400.653 nm | 310 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(3P) 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 438.51 nm | 310 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 417.929 nm | 300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(1S).6p 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 427.343 nm | 300 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 2S* → 5s2.5p2.(3P).7s 2P | Medida | NIST | |
| 679.109 nm | 300 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 3D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 669.0154 nm | 290 | Te I | emission | 5p3.(4S*).6p 5P → 5p3.(4S*).8d 5D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 453.708 nm | 260 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 397.592 nm | 250 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(1D) 2D → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 416.356 nm | 250 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 398.176 nm | 240 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).6s 2P → 5s2.5p2.(1D).6p 2P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 425.114 nm | 240 | Te II | emission | 5s2.5p2.(3P).5d 2D → 5s2.5p2.(3P).4f 2F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 404.888 nm | 230 | Te II | emission | 5s.(2S).5p4.(3P) 4P → 5s2.5p2.(3P).6p 4S* | Medida | NIST |
Propiedades ampliadas
Radios covalentes (ampliados)
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 136 pm
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö, enlace doble)
- 128 pm
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö, enlace triple)
- 121 pm
- Radio covalente (Bragg)
- 133 pm
Radios de van der Waals
- Bondi
- 206 pm
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 199 pm
- UFF
- 447 pm
- MM3
- 244 pm
- Dreiding
- 423 pm
Radios atómicos y metálicos
- Radio atómico (Rahm)
- 242 pm
- Radio metálico (C12)
- 160 pm
Escalas de numeración
- Mendeleev
- 102
- Pettifor
- 92
- Glawe
- 94
Escalas de electronegatividad
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarizabilidad y dispersión
- Polarizabilidad dipolar
- 38 a.u.
- Polarizabilidad dipolar (incert.)
- 4 a.u.
- C₆
- 445 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 471 Ha·Bohr6
Transiciones de fase y alótropos
| Punto de fusión | 722,66 K |
| Punto de ebullición | 1261,15 K |
| Punto crítico (temperatura) | 2329,15 K |
Categorías de estados de oxidación
Datos de referencia avanzados
Constantes de apantallamiento (11)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 1,0432 |
| 2 | p | 4,14 |
| 2 | s | 13,6688 |
| 3 | d | 14,1607 |
| 3 | p | 17,9911 |
| 3 | s | 18,0019 |
| 4 | d | 32,04 |
| 4 | p | 28,878 |
| 4 | s | 27,5916 |
| 5 | p | 41,1915 |
Detalle de los radios cristalinos (6)
| Carga | CN | Espín | rcrystal (pm) | Origen |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -2 | VI | 207 | Pauling's (1960) crystal radius, | |
| 4 | III | 66 | ||
| 4 | IV | 80 | ||
| 4 | VI | 111 | ||
| 6 | IV | 57 | calculated, | |
| 6 | VI | 70 |
Modos de desintegración de los isótopos (67)
| Isótopo | Modo | Intensidad |
|---|---|---|
| 104 | A | 100% |
| 105 | A | 100% |
| 106 | A | 100% |
| 107 | A | 70% |
| 107 | B+ | — |
| 107 | B+p | — |
| 108 | B+ | 51% |
| 108 | A | 49% |
| 108 | B+p | 2,4% |
| 108 | B+A | 0,1% |
Factores de dispersión de rayos X (508)
| Energía (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 9,70237 |
| 10,1617 | — | 9,72653 |
| 10,3261 | — | 9,75076 |
| 10,4931 | — | 9,77506 |
| 10,6628 | — | 9,7994 |
| 10,8353 | — | 9,77638 |
| 11,0106 | — | 9,72308 |
| 11,1886 | — | 9,67008 |
| 11,3696 | — | 9,61736 |
| 11,5535 | — | 9,54395 |
Datos adicionales
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
Referencias (1)
- [5] Tellurium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele052.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Referencias (1)
- [5] Tellurium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele052.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Tellurium is occasionally found native, but is more often found as the telluride of gold (calaverite), and combined with other metals. It is recovered commercially from anode muds produced during the electrolytic refining of blister copper. The U.S., Canada, Peru, and Japan are the largest Free World producers of the element.
Referencias (1)
- [6] Tellurium https://periodic.lanl.gov/52.shtml
Referencias
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Tellurium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.