Copper (Cu)
transition-metalSolid
Peso atómico estándar
63,546 uConfiguración electrónica
[Ar] 4s1 3d10Punto de fusión
1084,62 °CPunto de ebullición
2561,85 °CDensidad
8933 kg/m³Estados de oxidación
−2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4Electronegatividad (Pauling)
1,9Energía de ionización (1.ª)
7,72638 eVAño de descubrimiento
N/DRadio atómico
135 pmDetalles
Copper is a transition metal with high electrical and thermal conductivity, good ductility, and a chemistry dominated by the +1 and +2 oxidation states. It is one of the few metals found naturally in native form and has been worked since prehistory. Modern importance rests on electrical conductors, plumbing, heat exchangers, alloys, and catalytic or biological redox chemistry. Its surfaces oxidize slowly in air, often developing protective films rather than deep rusting.
Copper is reddish and takes on a bright metallic luster. It is malleable, ductile, and a good conductor of heat and electricity (second only to silver in electrical conductivity).
The name derives from the Latin cuprum for Cyprus, the island where the Romans first obtained copper. The symbol Cu also comes from the Latin cuprum. The element has been known since prehistoric times.
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using copper for at least 11,000 years. Relatively easy to mine and refine, people discovered methods for extracting copper from its ores at least 7,000 years ago. The Roman Empire obtained most of its copper from the island of Cyprus, which is where copper's name originated. Today, copper is primarily obtained from the ores cuprite (CuO2), tenorite (CuO), malachite (CuO3·Cu(OH)2), chalcocite (Cu2S), covellite (CuS) and bornite (Cu6FeS4). Large deposits of copper ore are located in the United States, Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru and Canada.
From the Latin word cuprum, from the island of Cyprus. It is believed that copper has been mined for 5,000 years.
Pure copper is a reddish-orange, lustrous metal when freshly polished. It is soft, malleable, and ductile, and it can be drawn into fine wire. In air it darkens as oxide and sulfide films form; long outdoor exposure may produce a green patina of basic copper salts.
The largest use of copper is in electrical wiring, power equipment, motors, generators, and electronics, where its conductivity and workability are central. Copper tubing and sheet are used in plumbing, roofing, heat exchangers, and refrigeration. Important alloys include brass, bronze, cupronickel, and beryllium copper, each chosen for combinations of strength, corrosion resistance, machinability, or spring properties. Copper surfaces and salts also have established antimicrobial and fungicidal applications, although soluble copper compounds require controlled use.
Used in large amounts by the electrical industry in the form of wire, copper is second only to silver in electrical conductance. Since it resists corrosion from the air, moisture and seawater, copper has been widely used in coins. Although once made nearly entirely from copper, American pennies are now made from zinc that has been coated with copper. Copper is also used to make water pipes and jewelry, as well as other items.
Pure copper is usually too soft for most uses. People first learned about 5,000 years ago that copper can be strengthened if it is mixed with other metals. The two most familiar alloys of copper are bronze and brass. Bronze, the first alloy created by people, is a mix of copper that contains as much as 25% tin. Early people used bronze to make tools, weaponry, containers and ornamental items. Brass, a mix of copper that contains between 5% and 45% zinc, was first used about 2,500 years ago. The Romans were the first to make extensive use of brass, using it to make such things as coins, kettles and ornamental objects. Today, brass is also used in some musical instruments, screws and other hardware that must resist corrosion.
Hydrated copper sulfate (CuSO4·H2O), also known as blue vitriol, is the best known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, as an algicide in water purification and as a blue pigment for inks. Cuperic chloride (CuCl2), another copper compound, is used to fix dyes to fabrics. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a poisonous white powder that is chiefly used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is commonly used in electroplating.
The electrical industry is one of the greatest users of copper. Iron's alloys brass and bronze are very important: all American coins are copper alloys and gun metals also contain copper.
Copper has wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algaecide in water purification. Copper compounds, such as Fehling's solution, are widely used in analytical chemistry tests for sugar.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of copper possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, and they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of copper in natural terrestrial materials (Fig. IUPAC.29.1). 63Cu and 65Cu have been used to study copper isotope science of supergene (formed by descending solutions) copper minerals for potential use as an indicator of the paleohydraulic (ancient hydraulic) gradient, and for potential to provide a vector toward unrecognized copper source regions [236] D. Braxton, R. Mathur. Econ. Geol.106, 1447 (2011).. Copper isotope ratios of iron oxides and supergene copper sulfides in surface samples or fossil leached caps of ore deposits are being used in prospecting to rank prospects and focus on drilling areas that have the greatest potential for mature enrichment profiles [236] D. Braxton, R. Mathur. Econ. Geol.106, 1447 (2011)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
The copper isotope-amount ratio n(65Cu)/n(63Cu) along with the silver isotope-amount ratio n(109Ag)/n(107Ag) and lead isotope-amount ratios n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb), and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb) have been used to determine the origin of European coins and the flow of goods in the historical world market. Metals from Peru and Mexico and those from European mining sites have distinct isotopic signatures that enable the origin of the metal to be determined based on the isotopic compositions of silver, copper, and lead in the coins. Silver from mines in Mexico and Peru in the 16 th century was used to mint coins but did not influence the European coin market until the 18 th century [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011)..
Isotopes in Medicine
The radiopharmaceutical 62Cu-PTSM, which contains radioactive 62Cu (with a half-life of 9.7 min), is used as a tracer in positron emission tomography (PET) to quantify myocardial perfusion (heart blood-flow measurements) [238] H. Jadvar, J. A. Parker. Clinical PET and PET/CT, Springer-Verlag London Limited, New York, NY (2005)., [239] M. Shokeen, C. J. Anderson. Acc. Chem. Res.42, 832 (2009).. The radioisotope 64Cu (with a half-life of 12.7 h) is used for PET imaging and radiotherapy to diagnose, understand, and monitor disease (Fig. IUPAC.29.2) [238] H. Jadvar, J. A. Parker. Clinical PET and PET/CT, Springer-Verlag London Limited, New York, NY (2005)., [240] C. J. Anderson, R. Ferdani. Cancer Biother Radiopharm.24 (4), 379 (2009).. The stable isotope 65Cu has been used as a tracer to study copper absorption, utilization, and excretion in humans [241] J. R. Turnlund. Sci. Total Environ.28, 385 (1983)., [242] L. J. Harvey, J. R. Dainty, W. J. Hollands, V. J. Bull, J. H. Beattie, T. I. Venelinov, J. A. Hoogewerff, I. M. Davies, S. J. Fairweather-Tait. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.81, 807 (2005)..
Copper forms two especially important ionic states: copper(I), Cu⁺, and copper(II), Cu²⁺. Copper(I) oxide, Cu₂O, is red and semiconducting, while copper(II) oxide, CuO, is black and more strongly oxidized. Copper(II) sulfate, CuSO₄, is a common laboratory and agricultural salt, usually encountered as the blue pentahydrate CuSO₄·5H₂O. Halides such as copper(I) chloride, CuCl, and copper(II) chloride, CuCl₂, show the contrast between Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ chemistry. Complex formation with ammonia, cyanide, and organic ligands is a major part of copper chemistry.
See more information at the Copper compound page.
Copper is an essential trace element, but excessive intake or exposure can be harmful. Soluble copper salts may irritate the gastrointestinal tract and can be toxic at sufficient dose. Dusts and fumes from cutting, welding, or smelting copper-containing materials are occupational hazards, and some copper compounds are hazardous to aquatic life. Metallic copper is not highly reactive in bulk, but fine powders can present fire or dust risks under some conditions.
Copper occurs in sulfide, oxide, carbonate, and native-metal deposits, and it cycles through weathering, sediment transport, biological uptake, and mineral precipitation. In soils and waters it binds strongly to organic matter, sulfides, clays, and iron or manganese oxides, which limits mobility but can concentrate it in sediments. Copper is required by many organisms in enzymes, yet elevated dissolved copper is toxic to fish, invertebrates, algae, and microorganisms.
Copper is a major industrial metal produced chiefly from sulfide ores by mining, concentration, smelting, converting, and electrorefining, and from some oxide ores by leaching and electrowinning. Demand is tied closely to construction, electrical infrastructure, transport, industrial machinery, and electronics. Recycling is economically important because copper retains its properties after remelting and refining; scrap from wiring, plumbing, motors, and manufacturing waste is a major secondary source. Substitution by aluminium, optical fiber, plastics, or stainless steels is possible in some uses, but performance requirements often keep copper preferred.
Copper occasionally occurs natively, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite.
Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, the oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis.
Copper is less abundant in the cosmos than iron, nickel, or zinc. Its stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu, are produced mainly by neutron-capture and charged-particle processes in evolved stars and supernova environments. In the Solar System it is a minor lithophile to chalcophile element, concentrating strongly into sulfide minerals during planetary differentiation and ore formation.
- Copper has only two stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu.
- Its chemical symbol comes from Latin cuprum, linked to Cyprus.
- Copper is diamagnetic, despite being a transition metal.
- Very high-purity copper is used where residual elements would reduce electrical conductivity.
- The green patina on old copper roofs is not a single compound.
- Copper can catalyze oxidation reactions by cycling between Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺.
Imágenes
Propiedades
Físicas
- Radio atómico (empírico)
- 135 pm Comparar Radio atómico (empírico) de todos los elementos →
- Radio covalente
- 132 pm Comparar Radio covalente de todos los elementos →
- Radio de van der Waals
- 140 pm Comparar Radio de van der Waals de todos los elementos →
- Radio metálico
- 118 pm Comparar Radio metálico de todos los elementos →
- Densidad
- 8933 kg/m³ Comparar Densidad de todos los elementos →
- Volumen molar
- 0,0071 L/mol
- Fase en CNPT
- Sólido Comparar Fase en CNPT de todos los elementos →
- Punto de fusión
- 1084,62 °C Comparar Punto de fusión de todos los elementos →
- Punto de ebullición
- 2561,85 °C Comparar Punto de ebullición de todos los elementos →
- Conductividad térmica
- 401 W/(m·K) Comparar Conductividad térmica de todos los elementos →
- Capacidad calorífica específica
- 0,385 J/(g·K) Comparar Capacidad calorífica específica de todos los elementos →
- Capacidad calorífica molar
- 24,44 J/(mol·K) Comparar Capacidad calorífica molar de todos los elementos →
- Estructura cristalina
- Cúbica centrada en las caras Comparar Estructura cristalina de todos los elementos →
Químicas
- Electronegatividad (Pauling)
- 1,9 Comparar Electronegatividad (Pauling) de todos los elementos →
- Electronegatividad (Allen)
- 1,85
- Afinidad electrónica
- 1,235 eV
- Energía de ionización (1.ª)
- 7,72638 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (1.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (2.ª)
- 20,29246 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (2.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (3.ª)
- 36,841127 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (3.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (4.ª)
- 57,380198 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (4.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (5.ª)
- 79,800275 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (5.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Estados de oxidación
- −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 Comparar Estados de oxidación de todos los elementos →
- Electrones de valencia
- 11 Comparar Electrones de valencia de todos los elementos →
- Configuración electrónica
- [Ar] 4s1 3d10
Termodinámicas
- Calor de fusión
- 0,13743069 eV Comparar Calor de fusión de todos los elementos →
- Calor de vaporización
- 3,113437 eV Comparar Calor de vaporización de todos los elementos →
- Calor de sublimación
- 3,496917 eV
- Calor de atomización
- 3,496917 eV
- Entalpía de atomización
- 3,496917 eV
Nucleares
- Protones
- 29 Comparar Protones de todos los elementos →
- Neutrones
- 34 Comparar Neutrones de todos los elementos →
- Isótopos conocidos
- 33 Comparar Isótopos conocidos de todos los elementos →
- Isótopos estables
- 2 Comparar Isótopos estables de todos los elementos →
- Isótopo más estable
- Cu-63
Abundancia
- Abundancia (corteza terrestre)
- 60 mg/kg Comparar Abundancia (corteza terrestre) de todos los elementos →
- Abundancia (océano)
- 2,5 × 10−4 mg/L Comparar Abundancia (océano) de todos los elementos →
Estructura cristalina
- Constante de red a
- 361 pm
Estructura electrónica
- Electrones por capa
- 2, 8, 18, 1 Comparar Electrones por capa de todos los elementos →
Identificadores
- Número CAS
- 7440-50-8 Comparar Número CAS de todos los elementos →
- Símbolo del término
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Cu
- Clave InChI
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuración electrónica Medido
Cu: 3d¹⁰ 4s¹[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s¹Modelo atómico
Los isótopos cambian el número de neutrones, la masa y la estabilidad, pero no la configuración electrónica de un átomo neutro.
Modelo atómico esquemático, no a escala.
Huella atómica
Espectro de emisión / absorción
Distribución isotópica
| Número másico | Masa atómica (u) | Abundancia natural | Periodo de semidesintegración |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63 Estable | 62,92959772 ± 0,00000056 | 69,1500% | Estable |
| 65 Estable | 64,9277897 ± 0,00000071 | 30,8500% | Estable |
Fase / Estado
Motivo: 1059,6 °C por debajo del punto de fusión (1084,62 °C)
Esquemático, no a escala
Puntos de transición de fase
Energías de transición
Energía necesaria para fundir 1 mol en el punto de fusión
Energía necesaria para vaporizar 1 mol en el punto de ebullición
Energía necesaria para sublimar 1 mol en el punto de sublimación
Densidad
En condiciones estándar
En condiciones estándar
Espectros atómicos
Se muestran 10 de 29. Ordenado por carga del ion (ascendente).
Líneas disponibles ?
| Ion | Carga | Total de líneas | Probabilidades de transición | Designaciones de los niveles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cu I | 0 | 1003 | 37 | 1003 |
| Cu II | +1 | 2557 | 554 | 2557 |
| Cu III | +2 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu IV | +3 | 60 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu V | +4 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
| Cu X | +9 | 28 | 0 | 28 |
Niveles disponibles ?
| Ion | Carga | Niveles |
|---|---|---|
| Cu I | 0 | 365 |
| Cu II | +1 | 468 |
| Cu III | +2 | 390 |
| Cu IV | +3 | 298 |
| Cu V | +4 | 249 |
| Cu VI | +5 | 255 |
| Cu VII | +6 | 5 |
| Cu VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Cu IX | +8 | 2 |
| Cu X | +9 | 31 |
Radios iónicos
| Carga | Coordinación | Espín | Radio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 2 | N/D | 46 pm |
| +1 | 4 | N/D | 60 pm |
| +1 | 6 | N/D | 77 pm |
| +2 | 4 | N/D | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 4 | N/D | 56.99999999999999 pm |
| +2 | 5 | N/D | 65 pm |
| +2 | 6 | N/D | 73 pm |
| +3 | 6 | low | 54 pm |
Compuestos
Isótopos (2)
| Número másico | Masa atómica (u) | Abundancia natural | Periodo de semidesintegración | Modo de desintegración | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 63 Estable | 62,92959772 ± 0,00000056 | 69,1500% ± 0,1500% | Estable | stable | |
| 65 Estable | 64,9277897 ± 0,00000071 | 30,8500% ± 0,1500% | Estable | stable |
Líneas espectrales
Se muestran 50 de 1058. De forma predeterminada, solo se muestran las líneas espectrales con intensidad medida.
| Longitud de onda (nm) | Intensidad | Estado de ionización | Tipo | Transición | Exactitud | Fuente | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 490.973351 nm | 160000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 493.16981 nm | 140000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 505.179209 nm | 120000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 495.37246 nm | 82000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 498.550498 nm | 70000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 506.545861 nm | 70000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 508.827603 nm | 57000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 740.43532 nm | 55000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | Medida | NIST | |
| 491.83778 nm | 54000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 505.890923 nm | 48000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 627.334763 nm | 47000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | Medida | NIST | |
| 500.679978 nm | 46000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 506.709423 nm | 46000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 509.381536 nm | 41000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 621.69385 nm | 39000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[7/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | Medida | NIST | |
| 600.01168 nm | 38000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] | Medida | NIST | |
| 501.26199 nm | 37000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 468.19935 nm | 36000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 481.29474 nm | 36000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 500.985058 nm | 35000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 485.498743 nm | 34000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 502.127849 nm | 32000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 507.230253 nm | 32000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 594.11951 nm | 31000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] | Medida | NIST | |
| 512.44753 nm | 30000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(1P*) 3G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 467.170176 nm | 29000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 491.291987 nm | 29000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 520.7134 nm | 29000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d8.(1G).4s.4p.(3P*) 3H* | Medida | NIST | |
| 493.155505 nm | 28000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 404.34858 nm | 27000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.4p 1F* → 3d8.4s2 1G | Medida | NIST | |
| 504.73477 nm | 27000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 630.10137 nm | 27000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | Medida | NIST | |
| 490.142634 nm | 26000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 492.64232 nm | 26000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 493.722031 nm | 26000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 508.84896 nm | 25000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 615.42211 nm | 25000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[1/2] | Medida | NIST | |
| 621.98488 nm | 24000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).5d 2[7/2] | Medida | NIST | |
| 526.99904 nm | 23000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.4p 3P* → 3d8.4s2 1D | Medida | NIST | |
| 589.79758 nm | 23000 | Cu II | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] | Medida | NIST | |
| 490.656612 nm | 21000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 508.397879 nm | 21000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[7/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 467.35774 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 494.3025 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 512.075319 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 644.85593 nm | 20000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.4p 3D* → 3d8.4s2 3P | Medida | NIST | |
| 508.89421 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 518.33664 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | Medida | NIST | |
| 524.53423 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] | Medida | NIST | |
| 626.18464 nm | 19000 | Cu II | emission | 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] | Medida | NIST |
Propiedades ampliadas
Radios covalentes (ampliados)
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 112 pm
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö, enlace doble)
- 115 pm
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö, enlace triple)
- 120 pm
- Radio covalente (Bragg)
- 137 pm
Radios de van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 238 pm
- UFF
- 349,5 pm
- MM3
- 226 pm
Radios atómicos y metálicos
- Radio atómico (Rahm)
- 217 pm
- Radio metálico (C12)
- 128 pm
Escalas de numeración
- Mendeleev
- 71
- Pettifor
- 72
- Glawe
- 68
Escalas de electronegatividad
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarizabilidad y dispersión
- Polarizabilidad dipolar
- 46,5 a.u.
- Polarizabilidad dipolar (incert.)
- 0,5 a.u.
- C₆
- 253 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 264 Ha·Bohr6
Afinidad química
- Afinidad protónica
- 655,3 kJ/mol
- Basicidad en fase gaseosa
- 632,4 kJ/mol
Parámetros de Miedema
- Volumen molar de Miedema
- 7,12 cm3/mol
- Densidad electrónica de Miedema
- 3
Riesgo de suministro y economía
- Concentración de la producción
- 34
- Riesgo relativo de suministro
- 4
- Distribución de las reservas
- 28
- Estabilidad política (principal productor)
- 68
- Estabilidad política (país con mayores reservas)
- 68
Transiciones de fase y alótropos
| Punto de fusión | 1357,77 K |
| Punto de ebullición | 2833,15 K |
Categorías de estados de oxidación
Datos de referencia avanzados
Constantes de apantallamiento (7)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,6614 |
| 2 | p | 3,903 |
| 2 | s | 7,9802 |
| 3 | d | 15,7994 |
| 3 | p | 14,2694 |
| 3 | s | 13,4057 |
| 4 | s | 23,1576 |
Detalle de los radios cristalinos (8)
| Carga | CN | Espín | rcrystal (pm) | Origen |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II | 60 | ||
| 1 | IV | 74 | estimated, | |
| 1 | VI | 91 | estimated, | |
| 2 | IV | 71 | ||
| 2 | IVSQ | 71 | ||
| 2 | V | 79 | ||
| 2 | VI | 87 | ||
| 3 | VI | LS | 60 |
Modos de desintegración de los isótopos (52)
| Isótopo | Modo | Intensidad |
|---|---|---|
| 52 | p | — |
| 53 | p | — |
| 54 | p | — |
| 55 | B+ | 100% |
| 55 | B+p | — |
| 56 | B+ | 100% |
| 56 | B+p | 0,4% |
| 57 | B+ | 100% |
| 58 | B+ | 100% |
| 59 | B+ | 100% |
Factores de dispersión de rayos X (504)
| Energía (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1,30088 |
| 10,1617 | — | 1,33374 |
| 10,3261 | — | 1,36743 |
| 10,4931 | — | 1,40197 |
| 10,6628 | — | 1,43738 |
| 10,8353 | — | 1,47369 |
| 11,0106 | — | 1,51091 |
| 11,1886 | — | 1,54908 |
| 11,3696 | — | 1,58821 |
| 11,5535 | — | 1,62833 |
Datos adicionales
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
6.0×101 milligrams per kilogram
Referencias (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.5×10-4 milligrams per liter
Referencias (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Copper occasionally occurs natively, and is found in many minerals such as cuprite, malachite, azurite, chalcopyrite, and bornite.
Large copper ore deposits are found in the U.S., Chile, Zambia, Zaire, Peru, and Canada. The most important copper ores are the sulfides, the oxides, and carbonates. From these, copper is obtained by smelting, leaching, and by electrolysis.
Referencias (1)
- [6] Copper https://periodic.lanl.gov/29.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
The copper isotope-amount ratio n(65Cu)/n(63Cu) along with the silver isotope-amount ratio n(109Ag)/n(107Ag) and lead isotope-amount ratios n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb), and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb) have been used to determine the origin of European coins and the flow of goods in the historical world market. Metals from Peru and Mexico and those from European mining sites have distinct isotopic signatures that enable the origin of the metal to be determined based on the isotopic compositions of silver, copper, and lead in the coins. Silver from mines in Mexico and Peru in the 16 th century was used to mint coins but did not influence the European coin market until the 18 th century [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011)..
Referencias (2)
- [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
Referencias
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Copper.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.