Vanadium (V)
transition-metalSolid
Peso atómico estándar
50,9415 uConfiguración electrónica
[Ar] 4s2 3d3Punto de fusión
1909,85 °CPunto de ebullición
3406,85 °CDensidad
6000 kg/m³Estados de oxidación
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5Electronegatividad (Pauling)
1,63Energía de ionización (1.ª)
6,746187 eVAño de descubrimiento
1830Radio atómico
135 pmDetalles
Vanadium is a hard early transition metal with variable oxidation states and strong affinity for oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. It occurs mainly dispersed in minerals rather than as native metal. Its technological importance comes chiefly from alloying steel and from vanadium redox-flow batteries. Chemically it is notable for accessible +2, +3, +4, and +5 states, often producing distinctly colored ions and oxides.
Pure vanadium is a bright white metal, and is soft and ductile. It has good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, and salt water, but the metal oxidizes readily above 660°C.
The metal has good structural strength and a low fission neutron cross section, making it useful in nuclear applications.
The name derives from the Scandinavian goddess of love and beauty, Freyja Vanadis, because of its many beautiful multi-coloured compounds. Vanadium was discovered by the Swedish physician and chemist Nils-Gabriel Sefström in 1830.
Vanadium had originally been discovered by the Spanish mineralogist Andres Manuel del Rio y Fernandez in 1801, who named it erythronium, after the plant of that name whose flowers have many beautiful colours. Del Rio later decided that it was really chromium in his lead sample. Vanadium metal was first isolated by the English chemist Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1869.
Vanadium was discovered by Andrés Manuel del Rio, a Spanish chemist, in 1801. Rio sent samples of vanadium ore and a letter describing his methods to the Institute de France in Paris, France, for analysis and confirmation. Unfortunately for Rio, his letter was lost in a shipwreck and the Institute only received his samples, which contained a brief note describing how much this new element, which Rio had named erythronium, resembled chromium. Rio withdrew his claim when he received a letter from Paris disputing his discovery. Vanadium was rediscovered by Nils Gabriel Sefstrôm, a Swedish chemist, in 1830 while analyzing samples of iron from a mine in Sweden. Vanadium was isolated by Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, an English chemist, in 1867 by combining vanadium trichloride (VCl3) with hydrogen gas (H2). Today, vanadium is primarily obtained from the minerals vanadinite (Pb5(VO)3Cl) and carnotite (K2(UO2)2VO4·1-3H2O) by heating crushed ore in the presence of carbon and chlorine to produce vanadium trichloride. The vanadium trichloride is then heated with magnesium in an argon atmosphere.
Named after Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis. Vanadium was first discovered by del Rio in 1801. Unfortunately, a French chemist incorrectly declared that del Rio's new element was only impure chromium. Del Rio thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the French chemists' statement.
The element was rediscovered in 1830 by Sefstrom, who named the element in honor of the Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis, because of its beautiful multicolored compounds. It was isolated in nearly pure form by Roscoe, who in 1867 reduced the chloride with hydrogen.
Vanadium of 99.3 to 99.8% purity was not produced until 1922.
Pure vanadium is a silvery-gray, ductile metal when well refined. It forms a protective oxide film in air, but finely divided metal or hot surfaces oxidize more readily. Interstitial oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen strongly affect its hardness and brittleness.
Most vanadium is used as a steel additive, commonly through ferrovanadium, to improve strength, toughness, and wear resistance in structural steels, tool steels, and high-strength low-alloy grades. Vanadium also strengthens some titanium alloys, especially aerospace alloy families based on titanium, aluminum, and vanadium. Vanadium redox-flow batteries use dissolved vanadium ions in different oxidation states for stationary energy storage. Vanadium compounds serve as catalysts in selected oxidation reactions, notably in sulfuric acid manufacture.
Vanadium is corrosion resistant and is sometimes used to make special tubes and pipes for the chemical industry. Vanadium also does not easily absorb neutrons and has some applications in the nuclear power industry. A thin layer of vanadium is used to bond titanium to steel.
Nearly 80% of the vanadium produced is used to make ferrovanadium or as an additive to steel. Ferrovanadium is a strong, shock resistant and corrosion resistant alloy of iron containing between 1% and 6% vanadium. Ferrovanadium and vanadium-steel alloys are used to make such things as axles, crankshafts and gears for cars, parts of jet engines, springs and cutting tools.
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is perhaps vanadium's most useful compound. It is used as a mordant, a material which permanently fixes dyes to fabrics. Vanadium pentoxide is also used as a catalyst in certain chemical reactions and in the manufacture of ceramics. Vanadium pentoxide can also be mixed with gallium to form superconductive magnets.
Vanadium is used in producing rust resistant and high speed tool steels. It is an important carbide stabilizer in making steels.
About 80% of the vanadium now produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. Vanadium foil is used as a bonding agent in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst.
It is also used to produce a superconductive magnet with a field of 175,000 gauss.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The isotopic abundances of 50V and 51V have been used as an indicator of planetary core formation processes (Fig. IUPAC.23.1). Vanadium is greatly depleted in the Earth’s mantle compared with that in chondritic meteorites (chondrites). It is assumed that the deficit of vanadium in the Earth’s crust is accounted for by its partitioning into the core [202] S. G. Nielsen, J. Prytulak, A. N. Halliday. “Vanadium isotope ratios in meteorites: a new tool to investigate planetary and nebular processes”, in 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.. The ratios of 50V and 51V have been used as a test of the X-wind model, which accounts for a portion of the extinct radioactive nuclides present in the early Solar System by radiation from the young Sun [202] S. G. Nielsen, J. Prytulak, A. N. Halliday. “Vanadium isotope ratios in meteorites: a new tool to investigate planetary and nebular processes”, in 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.. 51V is depleted in meteorites compared to Earth [203] S. G. Nielsen, J. Prytulak, B. J. Wood, A. Halliday. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.389, 169 (2014)..
Isotopes in Industry
51V is used in solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to provide information to material scientists about surface species of vanadium oxide catalysts (substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any permanent chemical change), their interaction with the supporting material, and their reactions during catalytic processes [205] K. J. D. MacKenzie, M. E. Smith. Multinuclear Solid-State NMR of Inorganic Materials, Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford (2002)..
Vanadium chemistry is dominated by oxides, oxyanions, and coordination compounds. Vanadium(V) oxide, V₂O₅, is the most important oxide and is used as a catalyst and precursor to many vanadates. Vanadyl sulfate, VOSO₄, contains the stable oxovanadium(IV) ion and is common in solution chemistry. Sodium metavanadate, NaVO₃, and ammonium metavanadate, NH₄VO₃, are representative vanadate salts. Lower oxidation states occur in compounds such as vanadium(III) chloride, VCl₃, but are more air-sensitive.
See more information at the Vanadium compound page.
Massive vanadium metal is not highly reactive at room temperature, but dusts can present fire and inhalation hazards. Many soluble vanadium compounds are toxic by ingestion or inhalation, and vanadium pentoxide dust or fume is an important occupational concern because it irritates the respiratory tract and is classified as a suspected carcinogenic hazard in some regulatory systems. Risks vary strongly with compound solubility and oxidation state.
Vanadium and its compounds are toxic and should be handled with care. The maximum allowable concentration of V2O5 dust in air is about 0.05 (8-hour time-weighted average - 40-hour week).
Vanadium is a trace constituent of many rocks, soils, crude oils, coals, and marine sediments. Weathering releases vanadate species under oxidizing conditions, while reducing sediments can immobilize vanadium in less soluble forms or bind it to organic matter and sulfide phases. Combustion of heavy oils and coal can add vanadium-rich particles to air and ash. Some organisms accumulate vanadium, but its essentiality is limited and species-specific.
Vanadium is produced mainly from vanadium-bearing titanomagnetite ores, from slags generated during iron and steel processing, and from residues such as spent catalysts and certain petroleum ashes. The market is closely tied to steelmaking, so demand can fluctuate with construction and infrastructure cycles. Battery use is a growing but smaller source of demand and may favor leasing or electrolyte recycling because the vanadium remains recoverable. Substitution in steels is possible in some cases with niobium, molybdenum, or other alloying strategies, but performance and cost differ.
Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite, important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found in small percentages in meteorites.
Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures.
Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybair.
Vanadium is a minor cosmic element compared with neighboring iron-group elements. It is made during stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova-related processes, but its abundance is limited by nuclear stability and production pathways. In planetary materials it occurs as a trace lithophile to moderately siderophile element and is commonly incorporated into silicates, oxides, and metal-rich phases rather than forming its own minerals.
- Vanadium was named for Vanadis, a name associated with the Norse goddess Freyja, because of its colorful compounds.
- Small vanadium additions can refine steel grain size through stable carbides and nitrides.
- A single vanadium redox-flow battery can use vanadium on both sides, reducing cross-contamination problems.
- Vanadium in crude oil can poison some refining catalysts if not removed or managed.
- High-purity vanadium is much more ductile than metal contaminated with interstitial elements.
Imágenes
Propiedades
Físicas
- Radio atómico (empírico)
- 135 pm Comparar Radio atómico (empírico) de todos los elementos →
- Radio covalente
- 153 pm Comparar Radio covalente de todos los elementos →
- Radio de van der Waals
- 179 pm Comparar Radio de van der Waals de todos los elementos →
- Radio metálico
- 122 pm Comparar Radio metálico de todos los elementos →
- Densidad
- 6000 kg/m³ Comparar Densidad de todos los elementos →
- Volumen molar
- 0,00835 L/mol
- Fase en CNPT
- Sólido Comparar Fase en CNPT de todos los elementos →
- Punto de fusión
- 1909,85 °C Comparar Punto de fusión de todos los elementos →
- Punto de ebullición
- 3406,85 °C Comparar Punto de ebullición de todos los elementos →
- Conductividad térmica
- 30,7 W/(m·K) Comparar Conductividad térmica de todos los elementos →
- Capacidad calorífica específica
- 0,489 J/(g·K) Comparar Capacidad calorífica específica de todos los elementos →
- Capacidad calorífica molar
- 24,89 J/(mol·K) Comparar Capacidad calorífica molar de todos los elementos →
- Estructura cristalina
- Cúbica centrada en el cuerpo Comparar Estructura cristalina de todos los elementos →
Químicas
- Electronegatividad (Pauling)
- 1,63 Comparar Electronegatividad (Pauling) de todos los elementos →
- Electronegatividad (Allen)
- 1,53
- Afinidad electrónica
- 0,525 eV
- Energía de ionización (1.ª)
- 6,746187 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (1.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (2.ª)
- 14,63405 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (2.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (3.ª)
- 29,311201 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (3.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (4.ª)
- 46,709161 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (4.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Energía de ionización (5.ª)
- 65,281875 eV Comparar Energía de ionización (5.ª) de todos los elementos →
- Estados de oxidación
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 Comparar Estados de oxidación de todos los elementos →
- Electrones de valencia
- 5 Comparar Electrones de valencia de todos los elementos →
- Configuración electrónica
- [Ar] 4s2 3d3
Termodinámicas
- Calor de fusión
- 0,22283256 eV Comparar Calor de fusión de todos los elementos →
- Calor de vaporización
- 4,76758 eV Comparar Calor de vaporización de todos los elementos →
- Calor de sublimación
- 5,329326 eV
- Calor de atomización
- 5,329326 eV
- Entalpía de atomización
- 5,342799 eV
Nucleares
- Protones
- 23 Comparar Protones de todos los elementos →
- Neutrones
- 28 Comparar Neutrones de todos los elementos →
- Isótopos conocidos
- 29 Comparar Isótopos conocidos de todos los elementos →
- Isótopos estables
- 1 Comparar Isótopos estables de todos los elementos →
- Isótopo más estable
- V-51
- Año de descubrimiento
- 1830
Abundancia
- Abundancia (corteza terrestre)
- 120 mg/kg Comparar Abundancia (corteza terrestre) de todos los elementos →
- Abundancia (océano)
- 0,003 mg/L Comparar Abundancia (océano) de todos los elementos →
Estructura cristalina
- Constante de red a
- 302 pm
Estructura electrónica
- Electrones por capa
- 2, 8, 11, 2 Comparar Electrones por capa de todos los elementos →
Identificadores
- Número CAS
- 7440-62-2 Comparar Número CAS de todos los elementos →
- Símbolo del término
- 4F3/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/V
- Clave InChI
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Configuración electrónica Medido
V: 3d³ 4s²[Ar] 3d³ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d³ 4s²Modelo atómico
Los isótopos cambian el número de neutrones, la masa y la estabilidad, pero no la configuración electrónica de un átomo neutro.
Modelo atómico esquemático, no a escala.
Huella atómica
Espectro de emisión / absorción
Distribución isotópica
| Número másico | Masa atómica (u) | Abundancia natural | Periodo de semidesintegración |
|---|---|---|---|
| 51 Estable | 50,94395704 ± 0,00000094 | 99,7500% | Estable |
Fase / Estado
Motivo: 1884,8 °C por debajo del punto de fusión (1909,85 °C)
Esquemático, no a escala
Puntos de transición de fase
Energías de transición
Energía necesaria para fundir 1 mol en el punto de fusión
Energía necesaria para vaporizar 1 mol en el punto de ebullición
Energía necesaria para sublimar 1 mol en el punto de sublimación
Densidad
En condiciones estándar
En condiciones estándar
Espectros atómicos
Se muestran 10 de 23. Ordenado por carga del ion (ascendente).
Líneas disponibles ?
| Ion | Carga | Total de líneas | Probabilidades de transición | Designaciones de los niveles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| V I | 0 | 3985 | 1256 | 3985 |
| V II | +1 | 3568 | 1896 | 3568 |
| V III | +2 | 94 | 30 | 30 |
| V IV | +3 | 423 | 300 | 423 |
| V V | +4 | 164 | 10 | 164 |
| V VI | +5 | 175 | 4 | 175 |
| V VII | +6 | 39 | 9 | 39 |
| V VIII | +7 | 69 | 19 | 69 |
| V IX | +8 | 72 | 44 | 72 |
| V X | +9 | 69 | 45 | 69 |
Niveles disponibles ?
| Ion | Carga | Niveles |
|---|---|---|
| V I | 0 | 550 |
| V II | +1 | 408 |
| V III | +2 | 300 |
| V IV | +3 | 100 |
| V V | +4 | 71 |
| V VI | +5 | 62 |
| V VII | +6 | 35 |
| V VIII | +7 | 52 |
| V IX | +8 | 39 |
| V X | +9 | 28 |
Radios iónicos
| Carga | Coordinación | Espín | Radio |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 6 | N/D | 79 pm |
| +3 | 6 | N/D | 64 pm |
| +4 | 5 | N/D | 53 pm |
| +4 | 6 | N/D | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +4 | 8 | N/D | 72 pm |
| +5 | 4 | N/D | 35.5 pm |
| +5 | 5 | N/D | 46 pm |
| +5 | 6 | N/D | 54 pm |
Compuestos
Isótopos (1)
Natural vanadium is a mixture of two isotopes, 50V (0.24%) and 51V (99.76%). 50V is slightly radioactive, having a half-life of> 3.9 x 1017 years. Nine other unstable isotopes are recognized.
| Número másico | Masa atómica (u) | Abundancia natural | Periodo de semidesintegración | Modo de desintegración | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 Estable | 50,94395704 ± 0,00000094 | 99,7500% ± 0,0040% | Estable | stable |
Líneas espectrales
Se muestran 50 de 2461. De forma predeterminada, solo se muestran las líneas espectrales con intensidad medida.
| Longitud de onda (nm) | Intensidad | Estado de ionización | Tipo | Transición | Exactitud | Fuente | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 437.92304 nm | 74000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 411.17788 nm | 53000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 438.4713 nm | 44000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 438.99793 nm | 30000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 440.85162 nm | 29000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 411.51768 nm | 25000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 439.52233 nm | 23000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 440.81958 nm | 23000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 385.58404 nm | 18000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 412.80642 nm | 18000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 413.19909 nm | 18000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 409.97833 nm | 17000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 410.5157 nm | 17000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 440.76338 nm | 17000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 384.074941 nm | 16000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 390.22531 nm | 14000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 410.97575 nm | 14000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 413.44835 nm | 14000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 440.66382 nm | 14000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 446.02914 nm | 13000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p z 6P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 412.34985 nm | 12000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 409.26831 nm | 11000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 411.64716 nm | 11000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 382.855694 nm | 10000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 387.507162 nm | 9000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 459.41158 nm | 8900000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 440.05717 nm | 8800000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 609.02084 nm | 8100000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d4.(5D).4p z 4P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 386.48561 nm | 7900000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 381.82414 nm | 7800000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 569.85189 nm | 7200000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 435.28654 nm | 6600000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 445.97536 nm | 6300000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p z 6P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 381.349106 nm | 6000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 458.6366 nm | 5700000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 570.3575 nm | 5600000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 624.31073 nm | 5500000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 409.0568 nm | 5300000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(1P*) w 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 488.15569 nm | 5300000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 444.168 nm | 5200000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p z 6P* | Medida | NIST | |
| 572.70445 nm | 5100000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 434.0998 nm | 5000000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 458.03967 nm | 4400000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 487.54859 nm | 4400000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 4D* | Medida | NIST | |
| 409.54749 nm | 4300000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(1P*) w 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 389.01792 nm | 4200000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d3.(4F).4s.4p.(3P*) z 2G* | Medida | NIST | |
| 390.98572 nm | 4200000 | V I | emission | 3d3.4s2 a 4F → 3d4.(5D).4p y 4F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 441.64662 nm | 4000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 442.15674 nm | 4000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p y 6F* | Medida | NIST | |
| 443.78304 nm | 4000000 | V I | emission | 3d4.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d4.(5D).4p z 6P* | Medida | NIST |
Propiedades ampliadas
Radios covalentes (ampliados)
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö)
- 134 pm
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö, enlace doble)
- 112 pm
- Radio covalente (Pyykkö, enlace triple)
- 106 pm
Radios de van der Waals
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 242 pm
- UFF
- 314,4 pm
- MM3
- 229 pm
Radios atómicos y metálicos
- Radio atómico (Rahm)
- 252 pm
- Radio metálico (C12)
- 134 pm
Escalas de numeración
- Mendeleev
- 47
- Pettifor
- 54
- Glawe
- 54
Escalas de electronegatividad
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 4
Polarizabilidad y dispersión
- Polarizabilidad dipolar
- 87 a.u.
- Polarizabilidad dipolar (incert.)
- 10 a.u.
- C₆
- 832 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 955 Ha·Bohr6
Afinidad química
- Afinidad protónica
- 859,4 kJ/mol
- Basicidad en fase gaseosa
- 836,8 kJ/mol
Parámetros de Miedema
- Volumen molar de Miedema
- 8,36 cm3/mol
- Densidad electrónica de Miedema
- 4
Riesgo de suministro y economía
- Concentración de la producción
- 34
- Riesgo relativo de suministro
- 7
- Distribución de las reservas
- 36
- Estabilidad política (principal productor)
- 44
- Estabilidad política (país con mayores reservas)
- 24
Transiciones de fase y alótropos
| Punto de fusión | 2183,15 K |
| Punto de ebullición | 3680,15 K |
Categorías de estados de oxidación
Datos de referencia avanzados
Constantes de apantallamiento (7)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,5744 |
| 2 | p | 3,9272 |
| 2 | s | 6,8186 |
| 3 | d | 14,0171 |
| 3 | p | 12,215 |
| 3 | s | 11,2907 |
| 4 | s | 18,0188 |
Detalle de los radios cristalinos (8)
| Carga | CN | Espín | rcrystal (pm) | Origen |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | VI | 93 | ||
| 3 | VI | 78 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | V | 67 | ||
| 4 | VI | 72 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 4 | VIII | 86 | estimated, | |
| 5 | IV | 49,5 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 5 | V | 60 | ||
| 5 | VI | 68 |
Modos de desintegración de los isótopos (52)
| Isótopo | Modo | Intensidad |
|---|---|---|
| 39 | p | — |
| 40 | p | — |
| 41 | p | — |
| 42 | p | — |
| 43 | B+ | 100% |
| 43 | B+p | 2,5% |
| 44 | B+ | 100% |
| 44 | B+A | — |
| 44 | B+p | — |
| 45 | B+ | 100% |
Factores de dispersión de rayos X (504)
| Energía (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1,06459 |
| 10,1617 | — | 1,11805 |
| 10,3261 | — | 1,17419 |
| 10,4931 | — | 1,23315 |
| 10,6628 | — | 1,29507 |
| 10,8353 | — | 1,3601 |
| 11,0106 | — | 1,42839 |
| 11,1886 | — | 1,50012 |
| 11,3696 | — | 1,57258 |
| 11,5535 | — | 1,6378 |
Datos adicionales
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
1.20×102 milligrams per kilogram
Referencias (1)
- [5] Vanadium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele023.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2.5×10-3 milligrams per liter
Referencias (1)
- [5] Vanadium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele023.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Vanadium is found in about 65 different minerals among which are carnotite, roscoelite, vanadinite, and patronite, important sources of the metal. Vanadium is also found in phosphate rock and certain iron ores, and is present in some crude oils in the form of organic complexes. It is also found in small percentages in meteorites.
Commercial production from petroleum ash holds promise as an important source of the element. High-purity ductile vanadium can be obtained by reduction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium or with magnesium-sodium mixtures.
Much of the vanadium metal being produced is now made by calcium reduction of V2O5 in a pressure vessel, an adaption of a process developed by McKechnie and Seybair.
Referencias (1)
- [6] Vanadium https://periodic.lanl.gov/23.shtml
Referencias
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Vanadium.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.