Nickel (Ni)
transition-metalSolid
Standardatomgewicht
58,6934 uElektronenkonfiguration
[Ar] 4s2 3d8Schmelzpunkt
1454,85 °CSiedepunkt
2912,85 °CDichte
8912 kg/m³Oxidationszustände
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4Elektronegativität (Pauling)
1,91Ionisierungsenergie (1.)
7,639878 eVEntdeckungsjahr
1751Atomradius
135 pmDetails
Nickel is a silvery transition metal of group 10, valued for corrosion resistance, strength at high temperature, and its ability to form useful alloys. It is ferromagnetic near room temperature and commonly occurs in the +2 oxidation state, although several other states are known in coordination chemistry. Natural nickel is mostly found in sulfide and laterite ores, and it is a key metal for stainless steels, superalloys, plating, catalysts, and rechargeable batteries.
Nickel is silvery white and takes on a high polish. It is hard, malleable, ductile, somewhat ferromagnetic, and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. It belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals and is chiefly valuable for the alloys it forms.
The name derives from the German Nickel for "deceptive little spirit" because miners called mineral niccolite (NiAs) by the name Kupfernickel (false copper) because it resembled copper ores in appearance, but no copper was found in the ore. It was discovered by the Swedish metallurgist Axel-Frederik Cronstedt in 1751.
Nickel was discovered by the Swedish chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in the mineral niccolite (NiAs) in 1751. Today, most nickel is obtained from the mineral pentlandite (NiS·2FeS). Most of the world's supply of nickel is mined in the Sudbury region of Ontario, Canada. It is believed that this large deposit of nickel ore is a result of an ancient meteor impact.
From the German word Nickel (Satan), and from kupfernickel, Old Nick's copper. Cronstedt discovered nickel in 1751 in kupfernickel (niccolite).
Pure nickel is a lustrous, silvery-white metal with a faint golden tinge. It is hard, ductile, and malleable, and it can take a high polish. Compact nickel resists attack by air and water under ordinary conditions because a thin protective surface film forms.
The largest use of nickel is in alloys, especially stainless steels, where it improves toughness, corrosion resistance, and formability. Nickel-base superalloys are used in turbine blades and other high-temperature parts. The metal is also used for electroplating, coinage alloys, catalysts such as Raney nickel, and electrical contacts. Nickel compounds and nickel metal are important in batteries, including nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and many lithium-ion cathode chemistries.
Nickel is a hard, corrosion resistant metal. It can be electroplated onto other metals to form a protective coating. Finely divided nickel is used as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Adding nickel to glass gives it a green color. A single kilogram of nickel can be drawn into 300 kilometers of wire. Nickel is also used to manufacture some types of coins and batteries.
Nickel is alloyed with other metals to improve their strength and resistance to corrosion. Nickel is alloyed with steel to make armor plate, vaults and machine parts. It is alloyed with copper to make pipes that are used in desalination plants. Very powerful permanent magnets, known as Alnico magnets, can be made from an alloy of aluminum, nickel, cobalt and iron.
It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Invar(R), Monel(R), Inconel(R), and the Hastelloys(R). Tubing made of copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water.
Nickel, used extensively to make coins and nickel steel for armor plates and burglar-proof vaults, and is also a component in Nichrome(R), Permalloy(R), and constantan.
Nickel gives glass a greenish color. Nickel plating is often used to provide a protective coating for other metals, and finely divided nickel is a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. It is also used in ceramics, in the manufacture of Alnico magnets, and in the Edison(R) storage battery.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Because molecules, atoms, and ions of the stable isotopes of nickel possess slightly different physical and chemical properties, they commonly will be fractionated during physical, chemical, and biological processes, giving rise to variations in isotopic abundances and in atomic weights. There are measureable variations in the isotopic abundances of nickel in terrestrial silicate rocks (Fig. IUPAC.28.1) [228] B. Gueguen, O. Rouxel, E. Ponzevera, A. Bekker, Y. Fouquet. Geostand. Geoanal. Res.37, 297 (2013)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
Anomalies in 60Ni abundance caused by decay of now extinct 60Fe have been used to study the early history of our Solar System (see section 4.26.2). 59Ni is a cosmogenic radionuclide with a half-life of 7.6×104 years. Decay of 59Ni has been used to assess the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment [230] G. F. Herzog, C. Schnabel, S. Xue, J. Masarik, R. G. Cresswell, M. L. D. Tada. Meteorit. Planet. Sci.33, A66 (1998)..
Isotopes in Industry
63Ni (with a half-life of 99 years) is produced from stable 62Ni and is a beta-emitting radionuclide that serves as an electron source together with 55Fe in electron-capture detectors. Electron-capture detectors are used as thickness gauges or as detectors for organic analytes in gas chromatography (Fig. IUPAC.28.2) [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html.. 63Ni is also used to ionize substances in ion mobility spectrometry–the basis of the instrument used in airports to screen passengers for drugs and bombs [231] J. R. Verkouteren, J. L. Staymates. Forensic Sci. Int.206, 190 (2011).. 63Ni is also used as a fluorescence-inducing source in elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and in miniaturized long-lived nuclear batteries [108] World Nuclear Association. Radioisotopes in Industry: Industrial Uses of Radioisotopes, World Nuclear Association (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html.. Until the mid-1980s, nuclear batteries were used in pacemakers, but then they were replaced by long-lasting lithium batteries [232] B. Ulmen, P. D. Desai, S. Moghaddam, G. H. Miley, R. I. Masel. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.282, 601 (2009)..
Isotopes Used as a Source of Radioactive Isotope(s)
61Ni is used as a radiation target for production of the radioactive isotope 61Cu (with a half-life of 3.3 h), which emits positrons for positron emission tomography (PET) applications using the 61Ni (p, n) 61Cu reaction. 64Ni is used as a radiation target for production of 64Cu (with a half-life of 12.7 h), which is used in radioimmunotherapy by attaching it to an antibody for delivery of cytotoxic radiation (toxic to living cells) to a target cell via the 64Ni (p, n) 64Cu reaction [235] National Research Council. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, p. 38, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (1995).. 60Ni is used for the production of 57Co (with a half-life of 0.75 year), which is used as a reference source for gamma cameras that are used in nuclear medicinevia the 60Ni (p, 4He) 57Co reaction [235] National Research Council. Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences, p. 38, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC (1995)..
Nickel chemistry is dominated by Ni²⁺, which forms many salts and coordination complexes. Nickel(II) oxide, NiO, is a green to black solid used in ceramics, catalysts, and battery materials. Nickel(II) sulfate, NiSO₄, is important in electroplating and hydrometallurgy. Nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)₄, is a volatile zerovalent compound central to the Mond refining process and notable for its high toxicity. Nickel also forms sulfides, halides, organonickel complexes, and mixed oxides used as battery cathode precursors.
See more information at the Nickel compound page.
Nickel metal is not highly toxic as a solid, but nickel dusts, fumes, and soluble nickel salts can cause allergic contact dermatitis and respiratory sensitization. Some nickel compounds are classified as carcinogenic, especially with inhalation exposure in refining or processing environments. Nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)₄, is acutely poisonous and readily absorbed by inhalation. Fine nickel powder can be a fire or explosion hazard.
Exposure to nickel metal and soluble compounds (as Ni) should not exceed 0.05 mg/cm3 (8-hour time-weighted average per 40-hour work week). Nickel sulfide fume and dust is recognized as being potentially carcinogenic.
Nickel is naturally present in rocks, soils, waters, and biological systems at low concentrations. Weathering releases Ni²⁺ and nickel-bearing particles, while industrial sources include mining, smelting, fuel combustion, waste disposal, and corrosion of alloys. Its mobility depends strongly on pH, organic matter, sulfide availability, and adsorption to iron and manganese oxides. Nickel is an essential trace nutrient for some microorganisms and plants, but elevated concentrations can be toxic.
Nickel is produced mainly from sulfide ores and lateritic ores. Sulfide concentrates are commonly smelted and refined, while laterites require energy-intensive pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical processing. Demand is strongly tied to stainless steel production and increasingly to battery materials, although cathode chemistry choices can change nickel intensity. Recycling from stainless steel scrap, superalloys, and batteries is economically important. Supply is influenced by ore type, energy cost, refining capacity, environmental controls, and the distribution of suitable deposits.
Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 percent to nearly 20 percent nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces about 30 percent of the world's supply of nickel.
Other deposits are found in New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere.
Nickel is a relatively abundant iron-peak element made in late stellar burning and supernova nucleosynthesis. Radioactive ⁵⁶Ni, produced in explosive events, decays through ⁵⁶Co to ⁵⁶Fe and helps power the light curves of many supernovae. In planets, nickel partitions strongly with iron, so much of Earth’s nickel is thought to reside in the core, while accessible crustal nickel is concentrated by magmatic and weathering processes.
- Nickel was named from a troublesome copper ore that miners associated with a mischievous spirit.
- The kilogram was once defined by an alloy containing 90 percent platinum and 10 percent nickel.
- Nickel is one of the few elements ferromagnetic at ordinary temperatures.
- Raney nickel is a porous catalyst made by leaching aluminium from a nickel-aluminium alloy.
- Many meteorites contain iron-nickel metal rather than nickel as separate mineral grains.
Bilder
Eigenschaften
Physikalisch
- Atomradius (empirisch)
- 135 pm Vergleiche Atomradius (empirisch) aller Elemente →
- Kovalenzradius
- 124 pm Vergleiche Kovalenzradius aller Elemente →
- Van-der-Waals-Radius
- 163 pm Vergleiche Van-der-Waals-Radius aller Elemente →
- Metallradius
- 115 pm Vergleiche Metallradius aller Elemente →
- Dichte
- 8912 kg/m³ Vergleiche Dichte aller Elemente →
- Molares Volumen
- 0,0066 L/mol
- Aggregatzustand bei Standardbedingungen
- Fest Vergleiche Aggregatzustand bei Standardbedingungen aller Elemente →
- Schmelzpunkt
- 1454,85 °C Vergleiche Schmelzpunkt aller Elemente →
- Siedepunkt
- 2912,85 °C Vergleiche Siedepunkt aller Elemente →
- Wärmeleitfähigkeit
- 90,9 W/(m·K) Vergleiche Wärmeleitfähigkeit aller Elemente →
- Spezifische Wärmekapazität
- 0,444 J/(g·K) Vergleiche Spezifische Wärmekapazität aller Elemente →
- Molare Wärmekapazität
- 26,07 J/(mol·K) Vergleiche Molare Wärmekapazität aller Elemente →
- Kristallstruktur
- Flächenzentriert kubisch Vergleiche Kristallstruktur aller Elemente →
Chemisch
- Elektronegativität (Pauling)
- 1,91 Vergleiche Elektronegativität (Pauling) aller Elemente →
- Elektronegativität (Allen)
- 1,88
- Elektronenaffinität
- 1,156 eV
- Ionisierungsenergie (1.)
- 7,639878 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (1.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (2.)
- 18,168901 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (2.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (3.)
- 35,187121 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (3.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (4.)
- 54,920189 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (4.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (5.)
- 76,060262 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (5.) aller Elemente →
- Oxidationszustände
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 Vergleiche Oxidationszustände aller Elemente →
- Valenzelektronen
- 10 Vergleiche Valenzelektronen aller Elemente →
- Elektronenkonfiguration
- [Ar] 4s2 3d8
Thermodynamisch
- Schmelzwärme
- 0,18116806 eV Vergleiche Schmelzwärme aller Elemente →
- Verdampfungswärme
- 3,838939 eV Vergleiche Verdampfungswärme aller Elemente →
- Sublimationswärme
- 4,457688 eV
- Atomisierungswärme
- 4,457688 eV
- Atomisierungsenthalpie
- 4,457688 eV
Nuklear
- Protonen
- 28 Vergleiche Protonen aller Elemente →
- Neutronen
- 32 Vergleiche Neutronen aller Elemente →
- Bekannte Isotope
- 35 Vergleiche Bekannte Isotope aller Elemente →
- Stabile Isotope
- 4 Vergleiche Stabile Isotope aller Elemente →
- Stabilstes Isotop
- Ni-60
- Entdeckungsjahr
- 1751
Häufigkeit
- Häufigkeit (Erdkruste)
- 84 mg/kg Vergleiche Häufigkeit (Erdkruste) aller Elemente →
- Häufigkeit (Ozean)
- 5,6 × 10−4 mg/L Vergleiche Häufigkeit (Ozean) aller Elemente →
Kristallstruktur
- Gitterkonstante a
- 352 pm
Elektronische Struktur
- Elektronen pro Schale
- 2, 8, 16, 2 Vergleiche Elektronen pro Schale aller Elemente →
Identifikatoren
- CAS-Nummer
- 7440-02-0 Vergleiche CAS-Nummer aller Elemente →
- Termsymbol
- 3F4
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ni
- InChI-Key
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Elektronenkonfiguration Gemessen
Ni: 3d⁸ 4s²[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁸ 4s²Atommodell
Isotope ändern die Neutronenzahl, Masse und Stabilität — nicht die Elektronenkonfiguration eines neutralen Atoms.
Schematisches Atommodell, nicht maßstabsgetreu.
Atomarer Fingerabdruck
Emissions- / Absorptionsspektrum
Isotopenverteilung
| Massenzahl | Atommasse (u) | Natürliche Häufigkeit | Halbwertszeit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60 Stabil | 59,93078588 ± 0,00000052 | 26,2230% | Stabil |
| 61 Stabil | 60,93105557 ± 0,00000052 | 1,1399% | Stabil |
| 62 Stabil | 61,92834537 ± 0,00000055 | 3,6346% | Stabil |
| 64 Stabil | 63,92796682 ± 0,00000058 | 0,9255% | Stabil |
Phase / Zustand
Grund: 1429,8 °C unter Schmelzpunkt (1454,85 °C)
Schematisch, nicht maßstabsgetreu
Phasenübergangspunkte
Übergangsenergien
Energie benötigt, um 1 mol am Schmelzpunkt zu schmelzen
Energie benötigt, um 1 mol am Siedepunkt zu verdampfen
Energie benötigt, um 1 mol am Sublimationspunkt zu sublimieren
Dichte
Bei Standardbedingungen
Bei Standardbedingungen
Atomspektren
10 von 28 angezeigt. Sortiert nach Ionenladung (aufsteigend).
Liniendaten ?
| Ion | Ladung | Gesamtlinien | Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten | Niveau-Bezeichnungen |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni I | 0 | 576 | 522 | 522 |
| Ni II | +1 | 249 | 208 | 208 |
| Ni III | +2 | 128 | 50 | 50 |
| Ni IV | +3 | 216 | 169 | 169 |
| Ni V | +4 | 1582 | 1566 | 1582 |
| Ni VII | +6 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
| Ni IX | +8 | 38 | 20 | 38 |
| Ni X | +9 | 41 | 0 | 41 |
Niveaudaten ?
| Ion | Ladung | Niveaus |
|---|---|---|
| Ni I | 0 | 288 |
| Ni II | +1 | 719 |
| Ni III | +2 | 345 |
| Ni IV | +3 | 236 |
| Ni V | +4 | 324 |
| Ni VI | +5 | 273 |
| Ni VII | +6 | 45 |
| Ni VIII | +7 | 44 |
| Ni IX | +8 | 31 |
| Ni X | +9 | 34 |
Ionenradien
| Ladung | Koordination | Spin | Radius |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | N/A | 55.00000000000001 pm |
| +2 | 4 | N/A | 49 pm |
| +2 | 5 | N/A | 63 pm |
| +2 | 6 | N/A | 69 pm |
| +3 | 6 | low | 56.00000000000001 pm |
| +3 | 6 | high | 60 pm |
| +4 | 6 | low | 48 pm |
Verbindungen
Isotope (4)
The sulfate and the oxides are important compounds. Natural nickel is a mixture of five stable isotopes; nine other unstable isotopes are known.
| Massenzahl | Atommasse (u) | Natürliche Häufigkeit | Halbwertszeit | Zerfallsart | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 60 Stabil | 59,93078588 ± 0,00000052 | 26,2230% ± 0,0150% | Stabil | stable | |
| 61 Stabil | 60,93105557 ± 0,00000052 | 1,1399% ± 0,0013% | Stabil | stable | |
| 62 Stabil | 61,92834537 ± 0,00000055 | 3,6346% ± 0,0040% | Stabil | stable | |
| 64 Stabil | 63,92796682 ± 0,00000058 | 0,9255% ± 0,0019% | Stabil | stable |
Spektrallinien
50 von 433 angezeigt. Standardmäßig werden nur Spektrallinien mit gemessener Intensität angezeigt.
| Wellenlänge (nm) | Intensität | Ionenstufe | Typ | Übergang | Genauigkeit | Quelle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 385.82968 nm | 1200 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 380.71402 nm | 700 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p * | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 547.6904 nm | 180 | Ni I | emission | 3d10 1S → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 383.16908 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 397.35547 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4s 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 440.1541 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5D* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 471.4417 nm | 110 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 503.5362 nm | 100 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 508.0533 nm | 100 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 464.8652 nm | 75 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 460.4987 nm | 65 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 508.111 nm | 65 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 1F* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 447.0477 nm | 55 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5D* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 501.7576 nm | 50 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 478.6535 nm | 45 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 485.5411 nm | 45 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[3/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 498.0173 nm | 45 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 490.4412 nm | 40 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[1/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 475.6515 nm | 30 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 712.2197 nm | 26 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5s 2[5/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 468.6213 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 513.7074 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 570.9545 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 1F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 742.2275 nm | 23 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).5s 2[5/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 471.5762 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 480.6993 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p * → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 491.8364 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 676.7772 nm | 22 | Ni I | emission | 3d10 1S → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 511.5392 nm | 21 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 483.1176 nm | 19 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 446.2455 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5D* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 460.0359 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 460.6221 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5G* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 501.2443 nm | 18 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 5F* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 5F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 493.5831 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3G* → 3d8.4s.(4F).5s 3F | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 504.8847 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 1F* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[5/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 575.4656 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 664.363 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 739.3676 nm | 16 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s2 3F → 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 517.656 nm | 13 | Ni I | emission | 3d9.(2D).4p 1D* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[3/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 559.2262 nm | 13 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 625.6355 nm | 13 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 568.2199 nm | 12 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* → 3d9.(2D<3/2>).4d 2[7/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 571.1888 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 589.2872 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 1P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 610.8116 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(1D).4s2 1D → 3d9.(2D).4p 3D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 617.6811 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3F* → 3d9.(2D<5/2>).4d 2[9/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 631.4659 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 1D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 691.4559 nm | 10 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d9.(2D).4p 3P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 558.7858 nm | 9 | Ni I | emission | 3d8.(3P).4s2 3P → 3d8.(3F).4s.4p.(3P*) 3D* | Gemessen | NIST |
Erweiterte Eigenschaften
Kovalente Radien (Erweitert)
- Kovalenzradius (Pyykkö)
- 110 pm
- Kovalenzradius (Pyykkö, doppelt)
- 101 pm
- Kovalenzradius (Pyykkö, dreifach)
- 101 pm
- Kovalenzradius (Bragg)
- 135 pm
Van-der-Waals-Radien
- Batsanov
- 200 pm
- Alvarez
- 240 pm
- UFF
- 283,4 pm
- MM3
- 222 pm
Atom- & Metallische Radien
- Atomradius (Rahm)
- 229 pm
- Metallradius (C12)
- 124 pm
Nummerierungsskalen
- Mendeleev
- 67
- Pettifor
- 67
- Glawe
- 69
Elektronegativitätsskalen
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 5
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 6
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
Polarisierbarkeit & Dispersion
- Dipolpolarisierbarkeit
- 49 a.u.
- Dipolpolarisierbarkeit (Uns.)
- 3 a.u.
- C₆
- 373 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 393 Ha·Bohr6
Chemische Affinität
- Protonenaffinität
- 737 kJ/mol
- Gasbasizität
- 714,1 kJ/mol
Miedema-Parameter
- Miedema-Molvolumen
- 6,6 cm3/mol
- Miedema-Elektronendichte
- 5
Lieferrisiko & Wirtschaftlichkeit
- Produktionskonzentration
- 17
- Relatives Lieferrisiko
- 6
- Reservenverteilung
- 36
- Politische Stabilität (Top-Produzent)
- 18
- Politische Stabilität (Top-Reserven)
- 75
Phasenübergänge & Allotrope
| Schmelzpunkt | 1728,15 K |
| Siedepunkt | 3186,15 K |
Oxidationszustands-Kategorien
Erweiterte Referenzdaten
Abschirmkonstanten (7)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,6474 |
| 2 | p | 3,9048 |
| 2 | s | 7,7874 |
| 3 | d | 15,4705 |
| 3 | p | 13,915 |
| 3 | s | 13,039 |
| 4 | s | 22,2892 |
Kristallradien-Details (7)
| Ladung | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Herkunft |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | 69 | ||
| 2 | IVSQ | 63 | ||
| 2 | V | 77 | estimated, | |
| 2 | VI | 83 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | VI | LS | 70 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 3 | VI | HS | 74 | estimated, |
| 4 | VI | LS | 62 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
Isotopenzerfallsarten (54)
| Isotop | Modus | Intensität |
|---|---|---|
| 48 | 2p | 70% |
| 48 | B+ | 30% |
| 48 | B+p | — |
| 49 | B+ | 100% |
| 49 | B+p | 83,4% |
| 50 | B+ | 100% |
| 50 | B+p | 73% |
| 50 | 2p | 14% |
| 51 | B+ | 100% |
| 51 | B+p | 87,2% |
Röntgenstreufaktoren (504)
| Energie (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1,37727 |
| 10,1617 | — | 1,38064 |
| 10,3261 | — | 1,38401 |
| 10,4931 | — | 1,3874 |
| 10,6628 | — | 1,39079 |
| 10,8353 | — | 1,39419 |
| 11,0106 | — | 1,39982 |
| 11,1886 | — | 1,44104 |
| 11,3696 | — | 1,48347 |
| 11,5535 | — | 1,52716 |
Zusätzliche Daten
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
8.4×101 milligrams per kilogram
Referenzen (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
5.6×10-4 milligrams per liter
Referenzen (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Nickel is found as a constituent in most meteorites and often serves as one of the criteria for distinguishing a meteorite from other minerals. Iron meteorites, or siderites, may contain iron alloyed with from 5 percent to nearly 20 percent nickel. Nickel is obtained commercially from pentlandite and pyrrhotite of the Sudbury region of Ontario, a district that produces about 30 percent of the world's supply of nickel.
Other deposits are found in New Caledonia, Australia, Cuba, Indonesia, and elsewhere.
Referenzen (1)
- [6] Nickel https://periodic.lanl.gov/28.shtml
Referenzen
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Nickel.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.