Manganese (Mn)
transition-metalSolid
Standardatomgewicht
54,938044 uElektronenkonfiguration
[Ar] 4s2 3d5Schmelzpunkt
1245,85 °CSiedepunkt
2060,85 °CDichte
7300 kg/m³Oxidationszustände
−3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7Elektronegativität (Pauling)
1,55Ionisierungsenergie (1.)
7,434038 eVEntdeckungsjahr
1774Atomradius
140 pmDetails
Manganese is a hard, brittle first-row transition metal and an essential alloying element in steelmaking. It occurs in nature mainly as oxides, carbonates, and silicates rather than as the free metal. Its chemistry is notable for accessible oxidation states from +2 to +7, with strong colors and redox behavior. Small biological amounts are essential, especially in enzymes, but concentrated manganese compounds and dusts can be hazardous.
It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically and decomposes slowly in cold water. Manganese is used to form many important alloys. Manganese improves rolling and forging qualities in steel, along with adding strength, stiffness, wear resistance, hardness.
With aluminum and antimony, and especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys.
Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinary temperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent.
The name derives from the Latin magnes for "magnet" since pyrolusite (MnO2) has magnetic properties. It was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1774. In the same year, the Swedish chemist Johan Gottlieb Gahn first isolated the metal.
Proposed to be an element by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774, manganese was discovered by Johan Gottlieb Gahn, a Swedish chemist, by heating the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2) in the presence of charcoal later that year. Today, most manganese is still obtained from pyrolusite, although it is usually burned in a furnace with powdered aluminum or is treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to form manganese sulfate (MnSO4), which is then electrolyzed.
From the Latin word magnes, magnet, from magnetic properties of pyrolusite. Recognized by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Torbern Olof Bergman, and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon.
Pure manganese is a silvery-gray metal with a faint pinkish cast when freshly prepared. It tarnishes in air and is hard and brittle rather than malleable. Several solid allotropes are known, and the stable form at room temperature has a complex crystal structure.
Most manganese is used in iron and steel production, where it removes sulfur and oxygen and improves hardness, strength, and wear resistance. Ferromanganese and silicomanganese are standard alloy additions. Manganese is also used in some aluminum alloys and in dry-cell and alkaline batteries through manganese dioxide, MnO₂. Potassium permanganate, KMnO₄, has long been used as a strong oxidizing agent in chemical synthesis, water treatment, and analytical chemistry.
Nearly 90% of all of the manganese produced each year is used in the production of steel. Manganese is added to molten steel to remove oxygen and sulfur and is alloyed with steel to make it easier to form and work with and to increase steel's strength and resistance to impact. Railroad tracks, for example, are made with steel that contains as much as 1.2% manganese. Manganese is also used to give glass an amethyst color and is responsible for the color of amethyst gemstones.
Manganese dioxide (MnO2), the most common compound of manganese, makes up about 0.14% of the Earth's crust. It is used in dry cell batteries to prevent the formation of hydrogen, to remove the green color in glass that is caused by the presence of iron contaminants, and as a drying agent in black paints.
The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells and is used to "decolorize" glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganese by itself colors glass an amethyst color and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine.
Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Radioactive 54Mn (half-life of 312 days) has been used as a tracer to study migration of heavy metals in effluents (flowing out) from mining waste [109] Australian Government, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Ansto). [Radioisotopes]:/their Role in Society Today/, Australian Government, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (Ansto) (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ansto.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/3564/Radioisotopes.pdf., [110] AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students. Chemistry Tutorial: Summary of Radioactive Particles, Isotopes, Properties and Uses, AUS-e-TUTE for Astute Science Students (2014), Feb. 24; http://www.ausetute.com.au/nuclesum.html..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The radioactive isotope 53Mn is formed by the interaction of protons, produced by cosmic rays, on iron in rocks. The accumulation of 53Mn, having a half-life of 3.7×106 years, at the Earth’s surface enables determination of exposure ages of landforms to cosmic rays and quantification of erosion rates. For example, Schaefer et al. [211] J. M. Schaefer, T. Faestermann, G. F. Herzog, K. Knie, G. Korschinek, J. Masarik, A. Meier, M. Poutivtsev, G. Rugel, C. Schlüchter, F. Serifiddin, G. Winckler. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.251, 334 (2006). measured 13 samples from nine dolerite (igneous rock containing plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine) surfaces in the Dry Valleys, Antarctica. They found that the terrestrial 53Mn concentrations correlate well with cosmic-ray-produced 3He and 21Ne concentrations in the same samples (Fig. IUPAC.25.1), which suggests that 53Mn is produced continuously in place and retained over millions of years without loss. Their results suggest that 53Mn concentrations in rocks can be used to monitor Earth-surface processes on time scales exceeding 10×106 years.
Isotopes in Medicine
51Mn, 52Mn and 52mMn (with half-lives of 46 min, 5.6 days, and 21 min, respectively) are radioactive isotopes that emit positrons that are used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging [212] G. J. Topping, P. Schaffer, C. Hoehr, T. J. Ruth, V. Sossi. Med. Phys.40, 042502 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4793756., [213] C. W. Olanow, P. F. Good, H. Shinotoh, K. A. Hewitt, F. Vingerhoets, B. J. Snow, M. F. Beal, D. B. Calne, D. P. Perl. Neurology46, 492 (1996).. The m in the superscript of 52mMn indicates a metastable state of the isotope.
Manganese commonly forms Mn²⁺ compounds, many of which are pale pink and relatively stable in water. Higher oxidation states are important in oxides and oxyanions: manganese dioxide, MnO₂, contains Mn(IV), while permanganate salts such as potassium permanganate, KMnO₄, contain Mn(VII) and are powerful oxidants. Manganese(II) sulfate, MnSO₄, is an important soluble salt. The carbonate rhodochrosite, MnCO₃, and mixed oxide minerals are major natural sources. Manganate, MnO₄²⁻, is green and less stable than permanganate under many conditions.
See more information at the Manganese compound page.
Metallic manganese is not highly toxic as a solid lump, but dust and fumes from mining, welding, smelting, or grinding can be harmful if inhaled. Chronic excessive exposure to manganese can damage the nervous system and produce symptoms resembling parkinsonism. Strong oxidizing compounds such as potassium permanganate, KMnO₄, can burn skin and react dangerously with reducing agents or organic materials. Normal dietary manganese is essential, but concentrated exposure is a separate hazard.
Exposure to manganese dusts, fume, and compounds should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 for even short periods because of the element's toxicity level.
Manganese is widespread in rocks, soils, freshwater, and marine sediments. Its mobility is controlled strongly by oxidation state, pH, and the availability of oxygen; Mn²⁺ is more soluble, while Mn(III) and Mn(IV) oxides tend to form insoluble coatings and nodules. Microorganisms can oxidize and reduce manganese and help drive its cycling. In water systems, excess dissolved manganese can stain plumbing and affect taste before it reaches levels of toxicological concern.
Manganese is produced chiefly from oxide and carbonate ores, then converted into ferromanganese, silicomanganese, electrolytic manganese metal, or manganese chemicals according to use. Steelmaking dominates demand, so consumption follows construction, transport, and machinery production more than specialty chemical markets. High-grade ore supply is geographically concentrated, and beneficiation is often needed. Recycling occurs mainly indirectly through recycled steel rather than recovery of manganese as a separate product. Battery use has grown in importance but remains distinct from the much larger metallurgical market.
Manganese minerals are widely distributed, with oxides, silicates, and carbonates being the most common. Large quantities of manganese nodules are found on the ocean floor and may become a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese, together with many other elements in lesser abundance.
Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis.
Manganese is a moderately abundant iron-peak element formed in stellar nucleosynthesis, especially in processes associated with silicon burning and supernovae. In rocky planets and meteorites it follows geochemical behavior between lithophile and siderophile tendencies, appearing in silicates, oxides, and metal-bearing phases. Its abundance is far below that of iron but high enough for broad planetary distribution.
- Manganese dioxide, MnO₂, is the main depolarizer material in many zinc-carbon and alkaline cells.
- The intense purple color of permanganate comes from Mn(VII), not from a d-electron transition.
- Manganese nodules on the deep ocean floor also contain iron, nickel, copper, and cobalt.
- Hadfield steel contains high manganese and is valued for work-hardening under impact.
- The name is historically linked to magnesia minerals, which were often confused in early mineralogy.
Bilder
Eigenschaften
Physikalisch
- Atomradius (empirisch)
- 140 pm Vergleiche Atomradius (empirisch) aller Elemente →
- Kovalenzradius
- 139 pm Vergleiche Kovalenzradius aller Elemente →
- Van-der-Waals-Radius
- 197 pm Vergleiche Van-der-Waals-Radius aller Elemente →
- Metallradius
- 118 pm Vergleiche Metallradius aller Elemente →
- Dichte
- 7300 kg/m³ Vergleiche Dichte aller Elemente →
- Molares Volumen
- 0,00739 L/mol
- Aggregatzustand bei Standardbedingungen
- Fest Vergleiche Aggregatzustand bei Standardbedingungen aller Elemente →
- Schmelzpunkt
- 1245,85 °C Vergleiche Schmelzpunkt aller Elemente →
- Siedepunkt
- 2060,85 °C Vergleiche Siedepunkt aller Elemente →
- Spezifische Wärmekapazität
- 0,479 J/(g·K) Vergleiche Spezifische Wärmekapazität aller Elemente →
- Molare Wärmekapazität
- 26,32 J/(mol·K) Vergleiche Molare Wärmekapazität aller Elemente →
- Kristallstruktur
- Kubisch Vergleiche Kristallstruktur aller Elemente →
Chemisch
- Elektronegativität (Pauling)
- 1,55 Vergleiche Elektronegativität (Pauling) aller Elemente →
- Elektronegativität (Allen)
- 1,75
- Elektronenaffinität
- -0,5 eV (negativer Wert — das Atom bindet voraussichtlich kein zusätzliches Elektron)
- Ionisierungsenergie (1.)
- 7,434038 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (1.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (2.)
- 15,640044 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (2.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (3.)
- 33,668116 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (3.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (4.)
- 51,210176 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (4.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (5.)
- 72,410249 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (5.) aller Elemente →
- Oxidationszustände
- −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 Vergleiche Oxidationszustände aller Elemente →
- Valenzelektronen
- 7 Vergleiche Valenzelektronen aller Elemente →
- Elektronenkonfiguration
- [Ar] 4s2 3d5
Thermodynamisch
- Kritischer Punkt (Temperatur)
- 4052 °C
- Schmelzwärme
- 0,13680883 eV Vergleiche Schmelzwärme aller Elemente →
- Verdampfungswärme
- 2,331969 eV Vergleiche Verdampfungswärme aller Elemente →
- Sublimationswärme
- 2,914443 eV
- Atomisierungswärme
- 2,914443 eV
- Atomisierungsenthalpie
- 2,936208 eV
Nuklear
- Protonen
- 25 Vergleiche Protonen aller Elemente →
- Neutronen
- 30 Vergleiche Neutronen aller Elemente →
- Bekannte Isotope
- 31 Vergleiche Bekannte Isotope aller Elemente →
- Stabile Isotope
- 1 Vergleiche Stabile Isotope aller Elemente →
- Stabilstes Isotop
- Mn-55
- Entdeckungsjahr
- 1774
Häufigkeit
- Häufigkeit (Erdkruste)
- 950 mg/kg Vergleiche Häufigkeit (Erdkruste) aller Elemente →
- Häufigkeit (Ozean)
- 2 × 10−4 mg/L Vergleiche Häufigkeit (Ozean) aller Elemente →
Kristallstruktur
- Gitterkonstante a
- 889 pm
Elektronische Struktur
- Elektronen pro Schale
- 2, 8, 13, 2 Vergleiche Elektronen pro Schale aller Elemente →
Identifikatoren
- CAS-Nummer
- 7439-96-5 Vergleiche CAS-Nummer aller Elemente →
- Termsymbol
- 6S5/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Mn
- InChI-Key
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Elektronenkonfiguration Gemessen
Mn: 3d⁵ 4s²[Ar] 3d⁵ 4s²1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁵ 4s²Atommodell
Isotope ändern die Neutronenzahl, Masse und Stabilität — nicht die Elektronenkonfiguration eines neutralen Atoms.
Schematisches Atommodell, nicht maßstabsgetreu.
Atomarer Fingerabdruck
Emissions- / Absorptionsspektrum
Isotopenverteilung
| Massenzahl | Atommasse (u) | Natürliche Häufigkeit | Halbwertszeit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 55 Stabil | 54,93804391 ± 0,00000048 | 100,0000% | Stabil |
Phase / Zustand
Grund: 1220,8 °C unter Schmelzpunkt (1245,85 °C)
Schematisch, nicht maßstabsgetreu
Phasenübergangspunkte
Übergangsenergien
Energie benötigt, um 1 mol am Schmelzpunkt zu schmelzen
Energie benötigt, um 1 mol am Siedepunkt zu verdampfen
Energie benötigt, um 1 mol am Sublimationspunkt zu sublimieren
Dichte
Bei Standardbedingungen
Bei Standardbedingungen
Erweitert
Atomspektren
10 von 25 angezeigt. Sortiert nach Ionenladung (aufsteigend).
Liniendaten ?
| Ion | Ladung | Gesamtlinien | Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten | Niveau-Bezeichnungen |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mn I | 0 | 631 | 499 | 499 |
| Mn II | +1 | 3975 | 844 | 3781 |
| Mn III | +2 | 86 | 0 | 0 |
| Mn IV | +3 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
| Mn V | +4 | 136 | 112 | 112 |
| Mn VI | +5 | 286 | 97 | 284 |
| Mn VII | +6 | 57 | 26 | 57 |
| Mn VIII | +7 | 49 | 3 | 49 |
| Mn IX | +8 | 43 | 9 | 43 |
| Mn X | +9 | 57 | 18 | 57 |
Niveaudaten ?
| Ion | Ladung | Niveaus |
|---|---|---|
| Mn I | 0 | 552 |
| Mn II | +1 | 533 |
| Mn III | +2 | 393 |
| Mn IV | +3 | 104 |
| Mn V | +4 | 85 |
| Mn VI | +5 | 116 |
| Mn VII | +6 | 46 |
| Mn VIII | +7 | 32 |
| Mn IX | +8 | 38 |
| Mn X | +9 | 46 |
Ionenradien
10 von 15 angezeigt.
| Ladung | Koordination | Spin | Radius |
|---|---|---|---|
| +2 | 4 | high | 66 pm |
| +2 | 5 | high | 75 pm |
| +2 | 6 | low | 67 pm |
| +2 | 6 | high | 83 pm |
| +2 | 7 | high | 90 pm |
| +2 | 8 | N/A | 96 pm |
| +3 | 5 | N/A | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 6 | low | 57.99999999999999 pm |
| +3 | 6 | high | 64.5 pm |
| +4 | 4 | N/A | 39 pm |
Verbindungen
Isotope (1)
| Massenzahl | Atommasse (u) | Natürliche Häufigkeit | Halbwertszeit | Zerfallsart | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 55 Stabil | 54,93804391 ± 0,00000048 | 100,0000% | Stabil | stable |
Spektrallinien
50 von 694 angezeigt. Standardmäßig werden nur Spektrallinien mit gemessener Intensität angezeigt.
| Wellenlänge (nm) | Intensität | Ionenstufe | Typ | Übergang | Genauigkeit | Quelle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 403.0753 nm | 27000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 403.3062 nm | 19000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 403.4483 nm | 11000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.4s2 a 6S → 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 404.1355 nm | 5600 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 380.6711 nm | 3200 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 382.3507 nm | 2100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 405.5544 nm | 1900 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 401.81 nm | 1500 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 383.4362 nm | 1300 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 404.8743 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 405.893 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 408.2939 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 408.3628 nm | 1100 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 475.4042 nm | 1000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 8P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 482.3524 nm | 1000 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 8P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 478.3427 nm | 940 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 8P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 8S | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 445.1586 nm | 800 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 476.2367 nm | 750 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 406.173 nm | 730 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(5S).5s f 6S | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 406.3528 nm | 730 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 407.9412 nm | 730 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 380.9592 nm | 700 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 384.1071 nm | 670 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 446.2031 nm | 510 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 432.6643 nm | 500 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 434.3983 nm | 500 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 476.6418 nm | 500 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 383.3861 nm | 480 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 382.3887 nm | 390 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 423.5295 nm | 370 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 383.9819 nm | 350 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 384.3984 nm | 350 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 441.489 nm | 350 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 476.5846 nm | 300 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 407.0278 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 425.7669 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 426.5923 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 446.4682 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 602.182 nm | 290 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).5s e 6S | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 428.1097 nm | 270 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p y 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 445.8254 nm | 270 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 449.8902 nm | 240 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 450.2213 nm | 240 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 443.6357 nm | 210 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 4D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 445.7549 nm | 210 | Mn I | emission | 3d5.(6S).4s.4p.(3P*) z 6P* → 3d5.4s.(7S).4d e 6D | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 382.9718 nm | 200 | Mn I | emission | 3d6.(5D).4s a 6D → 3d6.(5D).4p z 6F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 384.4166 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(2F).4s b 3F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 3G* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 420.63677 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4P).4p z 5D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 429.22329 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(2D).4s c 3D → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 434.83962 nm | 200 | Mn II | emission | 3d5.(4F).4s a 5F → 3d5.(4G).4p z 5F* | Gemessen | NIST |
Erweiterte Eigenschaften
Kovalente Radien (Erweitert)
- Kovalenzradius (Pyykkö)
- 119 pm
- Kovalenzradius (Pyykkö, doppelt)
- 105 pm
- Kovalenzradius (Pyykkö, dreifach)
- 103 pm
- Kovalenzradius (Bragg)
- 147 pm
Van-der-Waals-Radien
- Batsanov
- 205 pm
- Alvarez
- 245 pm
- UFF
- 296,1 pm
- MM3
- 224 pm
Atom- & Metallische Radien
- Atomradius (Rahm)
- 242 pm
- Metallradius (C12)
- 127 pm
Nummerierungsskalen
- Mendeleev
- 55
- Pettifor
- 60
- Glawe
- 72
Elektronegativitätsskalen
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
Polarisierbarkeit & Dispersion
- Dipolpolarisierbarkeit
- 68 a.u.
- Dipolpolarisierbarkeit (Uns.)
- 9 a.u.
- C₆
- 552 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 635 Ha·Bohr6
Chemische Affinität
- Protonenaffinität
- 797,3 kJ/mol
- Gasbasizität
- 774,4 kJ/mol
Miedema-Parameter
- Miedema-Molvolumen
- 7,35 cm3/mol
- Miedema-Elektronendichte
- 4
Lieferrisiko & Wirtschaftlichkeit
- Produktionskonzentration
- 33
- Relatives Lieferrisiko
- 6
- Reservenverteilung
- 24
- Politische Stabilität (Top-Produzent)
- 24
- Politische Stabilität (Top-Reserven)
- 44
Phasenübergänge & Allotrope
| Schmelzpunkt | 1519,15 K |
| Siedepunkt | 2334,15 K |
| Kritischer Punkt (Temperatur) | 4325,15 K |
Oxidationszustands-Kategorien
Erweiterte Referenzdaten
Abschirmkonstanten (7)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,6043 |
| 2 | p | 3,916 |
| 2 | s | 7,2062 |
| 3 | d | 14,4718 |
| 3 | p | 12,8908 |
| 3 | s | 11,9821 |
| 4 | s | 19,7168 |
Kristallradien-Details (15)
| Ladung | CN | Spin | rcrystal (pm) | Herkunft |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | IV | HS | 80 | |
| 2 | V | HS | 89 | calculated, |
| 2 | VI | LS | 81 | estimated, |
| 2 | VI | HS | 97 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 2 | VII | HS | 104 | calculated, |
| 2 | VIII | 110 | from r^3 vs V plots, | |
| 3 | V | 72 | ||
| 3 | VI | LS | 72 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 3 | VI | HS | 78,5 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
| 4 | IV | 53 | from r^3 vs V plots, |
Isotopenzerfallsarten (57)
| Isotop | Modus | Intensität |
|---|---|---|
| 43 | p | — |
| 44 | p | — |
| 45 | p | — |
| 46 | B+ | 100% |
| 46 | B+p | 57% |
| 46 | 2p | 18% |
| 46 | B+A | — |
| 47 | B+ | 100% |
| 47 | B+p | 1,7% |
| 48 | B+ | 100% |
Röntgenstreufaktoren (504)
| Energie (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1,8899 |
| 10,1617 | — | 1,92644 |
| 10,3261 | — | 1,96368 |
| 10,4931 | — | 2,00165 |
| 10,6628 | — | 2,04035 |
| 10,8353 | — | 2,0798 |
| 11,0106 | — | 2,12001 |
| 11,1886 | — | 2,161 |
| 11,3696 | — | 2,20278 |
| 11,5535 | — | 2,24537 |
Zusätzliche Daten
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
9.50×102 milligrams per kilogram
Referenzen (1)
- [5] Manganese https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele025.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
2×10-4 milligrams per liter
Referenzen (1)
- [5] Manganese https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele025.html
Sources
Sources of this element.
Manganese minerals are widely distributed, with oxides, silicates, and carbonates being the most common. Large quantities of manganese nodules are found on the ocean floor and may become a source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese, together with many other elements in lesser abundance.
Most manganese today is obtained from ores found in Russia, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, Gabon, and India. Pyrolusite and rhodochrosite are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum, or by electrolysis.
Referenzen (1)
- [6] Manganese https://periodic.lanl.gov/25.shtml
Referenzen
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Manganese.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.