Argon (Ar)
noble-gasGas
Standardatomgewicht
39,948 u [39,792, 39,963]Elektronenkonfiguration
[Ne] 3s2 3p6Schmelzpunkt
-189,35 °CSiedepunkt
-185,85 °CDichte
1,7837 kg/m³Oxidationszustände
0Elektronegativität (Pauling)
N/AIonisierungsenergie (1.)
15,759612 eVEntdeckungsjahr
1894Atomradius
71 pmDetails
Argon is a colorless noble gas and the third most abundant gas in Earth’s atmosphere, after nitrogen and oxygen. Its closed-shell electron configuration makes it chemically very inert under ordinary conditions. Most terrestrial argon is ⁴⁰Ar, produced by the radioactive decay of ⁴⁰K in rocks. The element is valued mainly as a dense, nonreactive atmosphere for industrial, analytical, and lighting applications.
Argon is two and one half times as soluble in water as nitrogen, having about the same solubility as oxygen. Argon is colorless and odorless, both as a gas and liquid. Argon is considered to be a very inert gas and is not known to form true chemical compounds, as do krypton, xenon, and radon.
The name derives from the Greek argos for "lazy" or "inactive" because it does not combine with other elements. It was discovered in 1894 by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and the English physicist Robert John Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) in liquefied air. Rayleigh's initial interest derived from a problem posed by the English physicist Henry Cavendish in 1785, i.e., when oxygen and nitrogen were removed from air, there was an unknown residual gas remaining.
Argon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, and Lord Rayleigh, an English chemist, in 1894. Argon makes up 0.93% of the earth's atmosphere, making it the third most abundant gas. Argon is obtained from the air as a byproduct of the production of oxygen and nitrogen.
From the Greek argos, inactive. Its presence in air was suspected by Cavendish in 1785, discovered by Lord Raleigh and Sir William Ramsay in 1894.
Pure argon is a monatomic gas at ordinary temperature and pressure, with no color, odor, or taste. It liquefies to a colorless liquid at cryogenic temperature and freezes to a transparent solid. In electrical discharges it emits a pale violet to lavender glow, depending on pressure and lamp conditions.
Argon is widely used as an inert shielding gas in arc welding, metal refining, and heat treatment, especially where nitrogen or oxygen would react with hot metals. It fills incandescent and some fluorescent lamps, provides inert atmospheres for crystal growth and semiconductor processing, and serves as a carrier or plasma gas in analytical instruments such as gas chromatographs and inductively coupled plasma spectrometers. Argon lasers have been used in medicine, research, and display technology, although many older uses have been replaced by other laser systems.
Argon is frequently used when an inert atmosphere is needed. It is used to fill incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs to prevent oxygen from corroding the hot filament. Argon is also used to form inert atmospheres for arc welding, growing semiconductor crystals and processes that require shielding from other atmospheric gases.
Once thought to be completely inert, argon is known to form at least one compound. The synthesis of argon fluorohydride (HArF) was reported by Leonid Khriachtchev, Mika Pettersson, Nino Runeberg, Jan Lundell and Markku Räsänen in August of 2000. Stable only at very low temperatures, argon fluorohydride begins to decompose once it warms above -246°C (-411°F). Because of this limitation, argon fluorohydride has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
It is used in electric light bulbs and in fluorescent tubes at a pressure of about 400 Pa. and in filling photo tubes, glow tubes, etc. Argon is also used as an inert gas shield for arc welding and cutting, as blanket for the production of titanium and other reactive elements, and as a protective atmosphere for growing silicon and germanium crystals.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
Argon’s chemically inert properties and three stable isotopes make it an ideal tracer of Earth processes [101] Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, D. Porcelli, C. J. Ballentine, and R. Wieler (Eds.), p. 844, Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society, Washington, DC (2002)., [157] SAHRA – Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas. Argon, SAHRA – Sustainability of Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas (2014), Feb. 24; http://web.sahra.arizona.edu/programs/isotopes/argon.html., [158] J. K. W. Lee. Chem. Geol.266, 104 (2009)., [159] F. M. Phillips, M. C. Castro. “Groundwater dating and residence-time measurements”, in Treatise on Geochemistry, J. I. Drever, H. D. Holland, and K. K. Turekian (Eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York (2003)., [160] T. Kobashi, J. P. Severinghaus, K. Kawamura. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.72, 4675 (2008)., [161] H. Sumino, K. Ikehata, A. Shimizu, K. Nagao, S. Nakada. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.175, 189 (2008)., [162] D. R. Hilton, K. Hammerschmidt, G. Loock, H. Friedrichsen. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.57, 2819 (1993)., [163] B. P. Christensen, P. M. Holm, A. Jambon, J. R. Wilson. Chem. Geol.178, 127 (2001)., [164] H. H. Loosli, B. E. Lehmann, W. Balderer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta53, 1825 (1989)., [165] T. Torgersen, B. M. Kennedy, H. Hiyagon, K. Y. Chiou, J. H. Reynolds, W. B. Clarke. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.92, 43 (1989)., [166] J. K. Böhlke. Pure Appl. Chem.86, 1421 (2014)., [167] P. R. Renne, K. A. Farley, T. A. Becker, W. D. Sharp. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.188, 435 (2001).. Measurements and models of the isotope-amount ratio n(40Ar)/n(36Ar) can provide insights about the evolution of the atmosphere and orogenic (mountain-building) history of the Earth. The comparison of results from potassium-argon and n(40Ar)/n(39Ar) isotope-amount-ratio dating methods with results from other dating methods has been used to study temperature histories of rocks through differences in apparent ages caused by excess argon or partial argon gas loss. The isotope-amount ratio n(40Ar)/n(36Ar) of dissolved argon in groundwater can provide hydrologic information, such as rates of crustal degassing and relative groundwater age. 38Ar produced by cosmic-ray bombardment of rocks and soils at Earth’s surface can provide information about surface exposure history and erosion rate.
Isotopes in Geochronology
Argon isotopes are used to date rock samples, especially volcanic rocks, using two related techniques (Fig. IUPAC.18.1) [101] Noble Gases in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, D. Porcelli, C. J. Ballentine, and R. Wieler (Eds.), p. 844, Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society, Washington, DC (2002)., [168] G. B. Dalrymple, M. A. Lanphere. Potassium-Argon Dating: Principles, Techniques and Applications to Geochronology, p. 258, Freeman, San Francisco (1969)., [169] I. McDougall, T. M. Harrison. Geochronology and Thermochronology by the 40Ar/39Ar Method, p. 212, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1999)., [170] United States Geological Survey. Periodic Table-Argon, U.S. Geological Survey (2014), Feb. 25; http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/period/ar_iig.html..
–The first technique is potassium-argon dating (K-Ar), which is based on the decay of radioactive 40K to stable 40Ar. By comparing the concentrations of potassium and 40Ar in a sample, it is possible to determine how long the sample has been accumulating radiogenic 40Ar to determine the “age” of the sample. The half-life of 40K is approximately 1.25×109 years, making this a useful tool for dating rocks range in age from about 106 to 109 years.
–A modification of the potassium-argon dating technique is the n(40Ar)/n(39Ar) isotope-amount-ratio technique, in which a sample is irradiated in a nuclear reactor to produce 39Ar from 39K. The isotope-amount ratio n(40Ar)/n(39Ar) is then determined, and from this, the approximate age of the rock can be calculated (Fig. IUPAC.18.2).
The study of 37Ar (half-life of 35 days), 39Ar (half-life of 268 years), and 40Ar concentrations in groundwater can provide information about the production and release of these isotopes from rocks and other sources into groundwater and the relative ages of different groundwaters [159] F. M. Phillips, M. C. Castro. “Groundwater dating and residence-time measurements”, in Treatise on Geochemistry, J. I. Drever, H. D. Holland, and K. K. Turekian (Eds.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York (2003)., [164] H. H. Loosli, B. E. Lehmann, W. Balderer. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta53, 1825 (1989)., [165] T. Torgersen, B. M. Kennedy, H. Hiyagon, K. Y. Chiou, J. H. Reynolds, W. B. Clarke. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.92, 43 (1989)., [171] B. E. Lehmann, R. Purtschert. Appl. Geochem.12, 727 (1997)., [172] H. Z. Loosli, B. E. Lehmann, W. M. Smethie, Jr. “Noble gas radioisotopes: 37Ar, 85Kr, 39Ar, 81Kr”, in Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology, P. G. Cook and A. L. Herczeg (Eds.), Kluwer, Boston (2000)., [173] R. Yokochi, N. C. Sturchio, R. Purtschert. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta88, 19 (2012)..
Isotopes in Industry
38K (half-life of 7.6 min), which is produced by the reactions 38Ar (p, n) 38K and 40Ar (n, 3n) 38K, is a widely used blood-flow tracer. Because 38Ar is more expensive, 40Ar, which also offers many additional advantages as a target, is more commonly used to produce 38K for medical purposes [176] K. Nagatsu, A. Kubodera, K. Suzuki. Appl. Radiat. Isot.49, 1505 (1998)., [177] J. R. Mercer, M. J. M. Duke, S. A. McQuarrie. Appl. Radiat. Isot.52, 1413 (2000).. 41Ar (half-life of 1.82 h) is used as an industrial gas-flow tracer to help track the movement of gases because its inert properties, half-life, and gamma radiation make it well suited for this purpose [177] J. R. Mercer, M. J. M. Duke, S. A. McQuarrie. Appl. Radiat. Isot.52, 1413 (2000)..
Argon has no stable neutral compounds under ordinary conditions, and its chemistry is extremely limited compared with heavier noble gases. The best established neutral argon compound is argon fluorohydride, HArF, made in cryogenic matrices and stable only at very low temperature. Argon can form ions and weakly bound complexes in plasmas, mass spectrometers, and solids, including ArH⁺ and van der Waals adducts. Clathrate-like trapping of argon in cages is physical inclusion rather than normal valence chemistry.
See more information at the Argon compound page.
Argon is not chemically toxic and is nonflammable, but it is an asphyxiant because it can displace breathable air, especially in confined or low-lying spaces. Liquid argon can cause severe cold burns and can embrittle some materials. Gas released from cryogenic liquid expands strongly and may create oxygen-deficient atmospheres. High-pressure cylinders add mechanical and handling hazards.
Atmospheric argon is well mixed and chemically persistent because it reacts only under exceptional conditions. Natural ⁴⁰Ar accumulates from decay of ⁴⁰K within minerals and is released slowly by weathering, volcanism, and degassing. Argon has no known biological role and is not a greenhouse gas of practical concern, since it does not absorb strongly in the main thermal infrared bands under atmospheric conditions.
Commercial argon is obtained almost entirely by fractional distillation of liquefied air, usually as a coproduct of large oxygen and nitrogen plants. Supply is therefore tied to industrial gas infrastructure and to demand for bulk oxygen in steelmaking, chemicals, and other sectors. Ultra-high-purity grades require additional purification to remove oxygen, nitrogen, water, and hydrocarbons. Recycling is uncommon for general welding use but can be economical in closed or high-purity systems such as specialized metallurgy and semiconductor processing.
The gas is prepared by fractionation of liquid air because the atmosphere contains 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 ppm of 36Ar.
Argon is a significant cosmic noble gas, produced mainly in massive stars during oxygen and silicon burning and dispersed by supernovae. In the Solar System it occurs in planetary atmospheres, meteorites, and the solar wind, but its abundance varies strongly because noble gases are readily lost from small or warm bodies. Radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar is especially important in rocky planets and in potassium-argon geochronology.
- Argon’s name comes from the Greek word for inactive, reflecting its chemical inertness.
- Atmospheric argon is mostly radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar, not primordial ³⁶Ar.
- Argon is denser than air, so leaks can accumulate in pits and poorly ventilated spaces.
- Potassium-argon dating depends on the retention of ⁴⁰Ar produced inside minerals.
- Argon is often preferred over helium when a heavier, less thermally conductive inert gas is useful.
Bilder
Eigenschaften
Physikalisch
- Atomradius (empirisch)
- 71 pm Vergleiche Atomradius (empirisch) aller Elemente →
- Kovalenzradius
- 106 pm Vergleiche Kovalenzradius aller Elemente →
- Van-der-Waals-Radius
- 188 pm Vergleiche Van-der-Waals-Radius aller Elemente →
- Dichte
- 1,7837 kg/m³ Vergleiche Dichte aller Elemente →
- Molares Volumen
- 0,0242 L/mol
- Aggregatzustand bei Standardbedingungen
- Gas Vergleiche Aggregatzustand bei Standardbedingungen aller Elemente →
- Schmelzpunkt
- -189,35 °C Vergleiche Schmelzpunkt aller Elemente →
- Siedepunkt
- -185,85 °C Vergleiche Siedepunkt aller Elemente →
- Wärmeleitfähigkeit
- 0,018 W/(m·K) Vergleiche Wärmeleitfähigkeit aller Elemente →
- Spezifische Wärmekapazität
- 0,52 J/(g·K) Vergleiche Spezifische Wärmekapazität aller Elemente →
- Molare Wärmekapazität
- 20,786 J/(mol·K) Vergleiche Molare Wärmekapazität aller Elemente →
- Kristallstruktur
- Flächenzentriert kubisch Vergleiche Kristallstruktur aller Elemente →
Chemisch
- Elektronegativität (Allen)
- 3,242
- Elektronenaffinität
- -1 eV (negativer Wert — das Atom bindet voraussichtlich kein zusätzliches Elektron)
- Ionisierungsenergie (1.)
- 15,759612 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (1.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (2.)
- 27,629765 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (2.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (3.)
- 40,73514 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (3.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (4.)
- 59,580205 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (4.) aller Elemente →
- Ionisierungsenergie (5.)
- 74,840258 eV Vergleiche Ionisierungsenergie (5.) aller Elemente →
- Oxidationszustände
- 0 Vergleiche Oxidationszustände aller Elemente →
- Valenzelektronen
- 8 Vergleiche Valenzelektronen aller Elemente →
- Elektronenkonfiguration
- [Ne] 3s2 3p6
Thermodynamisch
- Tripelpunkt (Temperatur)
- -189,34 °C
- Tripelpunkt (Druck)
- 6,89e+4 Pa
- Kritischer Punkt (Temperatur)
- -122,463 °C
- Kritischer Punkt (Druck)
- 4,863e+6 Pa
- Schmelzwärme
- 0,01222988 eV Vergleiche Schmelzwärme aller Elemente →
- Verdampfungswärme
- 0,06664248 eV Vergleiche Verdampfungswärme aller Elemente →
- Atomisierungswärme
- 0 eV
Nuklear
- Protonen
- 18 Vergleiche Protonen aller Elemente →
- Neutronen
- 22 Vergleiche Neutronen aller Elemente →
- Bekannte Isotope
- 26 Vergleiche Bekannte Isotope aller Elemente →
- Stabile Isotope
- 3 Vergleiche Stabile Isotope aller Elemente →
- Stabilstes Isotop
- Ar-40
- Entdeckungsjahr
- 1894
Häufigkeit
- Häufigkeit (Erdkruste)
- 3,5 mg/kg Vergleiche Häufigkeit (Erdkruste) aller Elemente →
- Häufigkeit (Ozean)
- 0,45 mg/L Vergleiche Häufigkeit (Ozean) aller Elemente →
Kristallstruktur
- Gitterkonstante a
- 526 pm
Elektronische Struktur
- Elektronen pro Schale
- 2, 8, 8 Vergleiche Elektronen pro Schale aller Elemente →
Identifikatoren
- CAS-Nummer
- 7440-37-1 Vergleiche CAS-Nummer aller Elemente →
- Termsymbol
- 1S0
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ar
- InChI-Key
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Elektronenkonfiguration Gemessen
Ar: 3s² 3p⁶[Ne] 3s² 3p⁶1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶Atommodell
Isotope ändern die Neutronenzahl, Masse und Stabilität — nicht die Elektronenkonfiguration eines neutralen Atoms.
Schematisches Atommodell, nicht maßstabsgetreu.
Atomarer Fingerabdruck
Emissions- / Absorptionsspektrum
Isotopenverteilung
| Massenzahl | Atommasse (u) | Natürliche Häufigkeit | Halbwertszeit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36 Stabil | 35,967545105 ± 0,000000028 | 0,3336% | Stabil |
| 38 Stabil | 37,96273211 ± 0,00000021 | 0,0629% | Stabil |
| 40 Stabil | 39,9623831237 ± 0,0000000024 | 99,6035% | Stabil |
Phase / Zustand
Grund: 210,8 °C über Siedepunkt (-185,85 °C)
Schematisch, nicht maßstabsgetreu
Phasenübergangspunkte
Übergangsenergien
Energie benötigt, um 1 mol am Schmelzpunkt zu schmelzen
Energie benötigt, um 1 mol am Siedepunkt zu verdampfen
Dichte
Bei Standardbedingungen
Geschätzt über ideales Gasgesetz bei aktuellem T
Erweitert
Atomspektren
10 von 18 angezeigt. Sortiert nach Ionenladung (aufsteigend).
Liniendaten ?
| Ion | Ladung | Gesamtlinien | Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten | Niveau-Bezeichnungen |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ar I | 0 | 461 | 428 | 429 |
| Ar II | +1 | 2858 | 307 | 2858 |
| Ar III | +2 | 509 | 80 | 509 |
| Ar IV | +3 | 256 | 42 | 256 |
| Ar V | +4 | 111 | 18 | 111 |
| Ar VI | +5 | 104 | 6 | 104 |
| Ar VII | +6 | 218 | 21 | 218 |
| Ar VIII | +7 | 141 | 27 | 141 |
| Ar IX | +8 | 178 | 2 | 178 |
| Ar X | +9 | 92 | 1 | 92 |
Niveaudaten ?
| Ion | Ladung | Niveaus |
|---|---|---|
| Ar I | 0 | 504 |
| Ar II | +1 | 419 |
| Ar III | +2 | 125 |
| Ar IV | +3 | 58 |
| Ar V | +4 | 49 |
| Ar VI | +5 | 44 |
| Ar VII | +6 | 95 |
| Ar VIII | +7 | 72 |
| Ar IX | +8 | 98 |
| Ar X | +9 | 71 |
Verbindungen
Isotope (3)
Naturally occurring argon is a mixture of three isotopes. Twelve other radioactive isotopes are known to exist.
| Massenzahl | Atommasse (u) | Natürliche Häufigkeit | Halbwertszeit | Zerfallsart | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 36 Stabil | 35,967545105 ± 0,000000028 | 0,3336% ± 0,0021% | Stabil | stable | |
| 38 Stabil | 37,96273211 ± 0,00000021 | 0,0629% ± 0,0007% | Stabil | stable | |
| 40 Stabil | 39,9623831237 ± 0,0000000024 | 99,6035% ± 0,0025% | Stabil | stable |
Spektrallinien
50 von 1065 angezeigt. Standardmäßig werden nur Spektrallinien mit gemessener Intensität angezeigt.
| Wellenlänge (nm) | Intensität | Ionenstufe | Typ | Übergang | Genauigkeit | Quelle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 458.989759 nm | 25704 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 472.686807 nm | 23442 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 696.543 nm | 10000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 706.72175 nm | 10000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 738.39801 nm | 10000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 440.098598 nm | 8710 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 501.716264 nm | 7413 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 476.486444 nm | 2344 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 460.956692 nm | 2291 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 487.986345 nm | 2239 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 727.29354 nm | 2000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[1/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 427.752786 nm | 1995 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 434.806354 nm | 1995 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 480.602014 nm | 1820 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 454.505166 nm | 1738 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 442.60008 nm | 1514 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 465.79009 nm | 1445 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 473.590548 nm | 1000 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 714.7041 nm | 1000 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<1/2>).4p 2[3/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 413.172327 nm | 891 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 496.507942 nm | 891 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 457.934934 nm | 871 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2S* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 484.780955 nm | 832 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 437.988058 nm | 794 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2S* → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5s 2P | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 407.200431 nm | 708 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 443.018862 nm | 661 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 448.181045 nm | 646 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 437.075295 nm | 617 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 433.119915 nm | 603 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 437.966649 nm | 550 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 611.492319 nm | 537 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).3d 2G → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 410.391181 nm | 447 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* → 3s2.3p4.(3P).5s 4P | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 617.227751 nm | 407 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).3d 2G → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 415.85907 nm | 400 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[3/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 420.067472 nm | 400 | Ar I | emission | 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).4s 2[3/2]* → 3s2.3p5.(2P*<3/2>).5p 2[5/2] | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 506.203703 nm | 398 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 437.132854 nm | 355 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 500.93342 nm | 355 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 447.475916 nm | 347 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 422.815775 nm | 331 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 404.289342 nm | 288 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 426.652661 nm | 288 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 488.904194 nm | 288 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 2P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 2P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 423.721956 nm | 269 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(1D).4s 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 664.369734 nm | 269 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4F → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4D* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 385.058079 nm | 263 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4S* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 440.009637 nm | 257 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 443.099589 nm | 251 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 4D → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 493.320891 nm | 251 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).4s 4P → 3s2.3p4.(3P).4p 4P* | Gemessen | NIST | |
| 514.17826 nm | 224 | Ar II | emission | 3s2.3p4.(3P).3d 2D → 3s2.3p4.(1D).4p 2F* | Gemessen | NIST |
Erweiterte Eigenschaften
Kovalente Radien (Erweitert)
- Kovalenzradius (Pyykkö)
- 96 pm
- Kovalenzradius (Pyykkö, doppelt)
- 107 pm
- Kovalenzradius (Pyykkö, dreifach)
- 96 pm
Van-der-Waals-Radien
- Bondi
- 188 pm
- Alvarez
- 194 pm
- UFF
- 386,8 pm
- MM3
- 199 pm
Atom- & Metallische Radien
- Atomradius (Rahm)
- 197 pm
Nummerierungsskalen
- Mendeleev
- 114
- Pettifor
- 3
- Glawe
- 3
Elektronegativitätsskalen
- Ghosh
- 0
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 5
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 5
Polarisierbarkeit & Dispersion
- Dipolpolarisierbarkeit
- 11,083 a.u.
- Dipolpolarisierbarkeit (Uns.)
- 0,007 a.u.
- C₆
- 64,2 Ha·Bohr6
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 67,4 Ha·Bohr6
Chemische Affinität
- Protonenaffinität
- 369,2 kJ/mol
- Gasbasizität
- 346,3 kJ/mol
Edelgaseigenschaften
Phasenübergänge & Allotrope
| Schmelzpunkt | 83,81 K |
| Siedepunkt | 87,3 K |
| Kritischer Punkt (Temperatur) | 150,69 K |
| Kritischer Punkt (Druck) | 4,86 MPa |
| Tripelpunkt (Temperatur) | 83,81 K |
| Tripelpunkt (Druck) | 68,89 kPa |
Erweiterte Referenzdaten
Abschirmkonstanten (5)
| n | Orbital | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0,4925 |
| 2 | p | 3,9918 |
| 2 | s | 5,7696 |
| 3 | p | 11,2359 |
| 3 | s | 10,2432 |
Isotopenzerfallsarten (46)
| Isotop | Modus | Intensität |
|---|---|---|
| 29 | 2p | 100% |
| 30 | 2p | 100% |
| 31 | B+ | 100% |
| 31 | B+p | 68,3% |
| 31 | 2p | 9% |
| 31 | B+pA | 0,4% |
| 31 | 3p | 0,1% |
| 31 | B+A | 0% |
| 31 | 2p | 0% |
| 32 | B+ | 100% |
Röntgenstreufaktoren (506)
| Energie (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 0 |
| 10,1617 | — | 0 |
| 10,3261 | — | 0 |
| 10,4931 | — | 0 |
| 10,6628 | — | 0 |
| 10,8353 | — | 0 |
| 11,0106 | — | 0 |
| 11,1886 | — | 0 |
| 11,3696 | — | 0 |
| 11,5535 | — | 0 |
Zusätzliche Daten
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
3.5 milligrams per kilogram
Referenzen (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4.5×10-1 milligrams per liter
Referenzen (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
The gas is prepared by fractionation of liquid air because the atmosphere contains 0.94% argon. The atmosphere of Mars contains 1.6% of 40Ar and 5 ppm of 36Ar.
Referenzen (1)
- [6] Argon https://periodic.lanl.gov/18.shtml
Referenzen
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Argon.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.