Flerovium (Fl)
post-transition-metalExpected to be a Solid
Standardatomgewicht
[289]Elektronenkonfiguration
[Rn] 7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (Vorhergesagt)Schmelzpunkt
N/ASiedepunkt
-63,15 °CDichte
9928 kg/m³Oxidationszustände
0, +1, +2, +4, +6Elektronegativität (Pauling)
N/AIonisierungsenergie (1.)
N/AEntdeckungsjahr
1998Atomradius
180 pmDetails
Flerovium is a synthetic superheavy element in group 14, below lead. It has been made only atom by atom in heavy-ion fusion reactions, and all confirmed isotopes are radioactive and short-lived. Its chemistry is dominated by strong relativistic effects, so it is not expected to behave as a simple heavier analogue of lead. Experimental chemical information is sparse, but it points to unusually weak metallic bonding and high volatility for a group 14 element.
Flerovium does not occur naturally in the Earth’s crust. Flerovium was named for the Flerov Laboratory for Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JIRN). In 1999, a collaboration of scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia (Figs. 4.114.1 and 4.114.2) and the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in the USA synthesized flerovium. They used nuclear reaction experiments to eventually produce 287Fl by cross-bombardments of 48Ca with both (even-A) 242Pu and (odd-A) 245Cm. The intermediate nuclide 283Cn was observed with known decay characteristics that established the synthesis of flerovium [668], [669]. Flerovium has no known isotopic applications aside from scientific research.
Flerovium was first produced by scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia in 1998. They bombarded atoms of plutonium with ions of calcium. This produced a single atom of flerovium-289, an isotope with a half-life of about 21 seconds. Flerovium's most stable isotope, flerovium-289, has a half-life of about 0.97 seconds. It decays into copernicium-285 through alpha decay.
Flerovium is radioactive and has the symbol Fl and the atomic number 114. The element is named after Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov, who founded the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was first discovered in 1999.
Element 114 has a 30-second half-life, which is much longer than element 112's. This is evidence of the "island of stability" that was predicted to occur around element 114 (where the combination of protons and neutrons would combine to make a stable structure).
A beam containing 48Ca was aimed into a244Pu target to make this atom.
The name Flerovium was adopted by IUPAC on May 31, 2012.
No macroscopic sample of flerovium has ever been prepared, so its appearance is not known. Calculations generally predict a dense metal, possibly with comparatively low cohesive energy, but color, texture, and ordinary bulk properties remain unobserved.
Flerovium has no practical use outside basic scientific research. Individual atoms are produced to study nuclear stability, decay chains, and the chemistry of superheavy elements near the predicted island of stability. Its isotopes are too short-lived and too difficult to make for use in materials, medicine, industry, or routine analytical standards. Reported applications are experimental targets, detectors, and chemical-separation studies rather than uses of stored flerovium material.
Since only a few atoms of flerovium have ever been produced, it currently has no uses outside of basic scientific research.
Flerovium chemistry has been probed only with single atoms, mainly by observing adsorption behavior after production and decay. It is placed in group 14, but relativistic stabilization of the 7p₁/₂ electrons is expected to make the +2 state more accessible and the +4 state less robust than in lighter congeners such as lead. Specific compounds have not been isolated in weighable amounts. Theoretical studies consider species such as flerovium dioxide, FlO₂, and flerovium tetrachloride, FlCl₄, but their stability and structures are predictions rather than established preparative chemistry.
See more information at the Flerovium compound page.
The direct radiological hazard of flerovium is isotope-specific, but any produced atom decays rapidly by alpha emission or spontaneous fission through radioactive daughter nuclides. Macroscopic handling hazards are not characterized because no bulk material exists. In practice, safety concerns belong to accelerator operations, intense ion beams, radioactive targets, recoil products, and contaminated experimental hardware rather than to stored flerovium compounds.
Flerovium has no confirmed natural occurrence and no known environmental cycle. Atoms made in laboratories decay long before they could disperse as a persistent environmental contaminant. Any environmental relevance is tied to small amounts of target materials and activation products from nuclear research facilities, not to flerovium itself as a mobile or bioavailable element.
Flerovium has no commodity market, industrial supply chain, or recoverable stock. It is produced only in specialized accelerator experiments, commonly by bombarding actinide targets with heavy ions and identifying a few atoms through their decay sequences. The limiting costs are accelerator time, target preparation, radiochemical and detector infrastructure, and the rarity of successful fusion-evaporation events. There is no recycling economy for flerovium, because produced atoms decay before collection as material.
Made by bombarding plutonium-244 with calcium-48.
Flerovium is not known as a naturally occurring cosmic or planetary element. Superheavy nuclei may be formed transiently in extreme neutron-rich events, but isotopes of flerovium with known or expected half-lives would not survive over geological or cosmic timescales. Its significance is mainly as a laboratory probe of nuclear shell effects in very heavy atoms.
- Flerovium was named for the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna.
- Only single atoms have been used in chemical experiments on flerovium.
- Its group placement does not guarantee lead-like chemistry because relativistic effects are large.
- Gas-phase studies suggest unusually weak interaction with gold surfaces, but the data set is very small.
- Decay-chain identification is central to confirming flerovium production.
Bilder
Eigenschaften
Physikalisch
- Atomradius (empirisch)
- 180 pm Vergleiche Atomradius (empirisch) aller Elemente →
- Dichte
- 9928 kg/m³ Vergleiche Dichte aller Elemente →
- Aggregatzustand bei Standardbedingungen
- Gas Vergleiche Aggregatzustand bei Standardbedingungen aller Elemente →
- Siedepunkt
- -63,15 °C Vergleiche Siedepunkt aller Elemente →
Chemisch
- Elektronenaffinität
- -0,5 eV (negativer Wert — das Atom bindet voraussichtlich kein zusätzliches Elektron)
- Oxidationszustände
- 0, +1, +2, +4, +6 Vergleiche Oxidationszustände aller Elemente →
- Valenzelektronen
- 27 Vergleiche Valenzelektronen aller Elemente →
- Elektronenkonfiguration
- [Rn] 7s2 7p2 5f14 6d10 (Vorhergesagt)
Thermodynamisch
N/A
Nuklear
- Protonen
- 114 Vergleiche Protonen aller Elemente →
- Neutronen
- 176 Vergleiche Neutronen aller Elemente →
- Bekannte Isotope
- 8 Vergleiche Bekannte Isotope aller Elemente →
- Stabile Isotope
- 0 Vergleiche Stabile Isotope aller Elemente →
- Massenzahl (stabilstes)
- 289
- Stabilstes Isotop
- Fl-290
- Entdeckungsjahr
- 1998
Häufigkeit
N/A
Kristallstruktur
N/A
Elektronische Struktur
- Elektronen pro Schale
- 14, 10, 27 Vergleiche Elektronen pro Schale aller Elemente →
Identifikatoren
- CAS-Nummer
- 54085-16-4 Vergleiche CAS-Nummer aller Elemente →
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Fl
- InChI-Key
- WIHJCBVMYKIGOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Elektronenkonfiguration Vorhergesagt
——Elektronenkonfigurationsdaten für dieses Ion nicht verfügbar.
Atommodell
Isotope ändern die Neutronenzahl, Masse und Stabilität — nicht die Elektronenkonfiguration eines neutralen Atoms.
N/A
Schematisches Atommodell, nicht maßstabsgetreu.
Atomarer Fingerabdruck
Emissions- / Absorptionsspektrum
Isotopenverteilung
Keine stabilen Isotope.
| Massenzahl | Atommasse (u) | Natürliche Häufigkeit | Halbwertszeit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 288 Radioaktiv | 288,18757 ± 0,00091 | N/A | 653 ms |
| 287 Radioaktiv | 287,18678 ± 0,00066 | N/A | 510 ms |
| 285 Radioaktiv | 285,18364 ± 0,00047 | N/A | 210 ms |
| 286 Radioaktiv | 286,18423 ± 0,00071 | N/A | 130 ms |
| 290 Radioaktiv | 290,191875 ± 0,000752 | N/A | 80 Sekunden |
Phase / Zustand
Grund: 88,1 °C über Siedepunkt (-63,15 °C)
Schematisch, nicht maßstabsgetreu
Phasenübergangspunkte
Dichte
Bei Standardbedingungen
Geschätzt über ideales Gasgesetz bei aktuellem T
Kristallstrukturdaten für die feste Phase nicht verfügbar
Isotope (5)
| Massenzahl | Atommasse (u) | Natürliche Häufigkeit | Halbwertszeit | Zerfallsart | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 288 Radioaktiv | 288,18757 ± 0,00091 | N/A | 653 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 287 Radioaktiv | 287,18678 ± 0,00066 | N/A | 510 ms | α ≈100%SF ? | |
| 285 Radioaktiv | 285,18364 ± 0,00047 | N/A | 210 ms | α ≈100%SF<20% | |
| 286 Radioaktiv | 286,18423 ± 0,00071 | N/A | 130 ms | α =59±1.1%SF =41±1.1% | |
| 290 Radioaktiv | 290,191875 ± 0,000752 | N/A | 80 Sekunden | α ≈100%SF ?β+<50% |
Erweiterte Eigenschaften
Kovalente Radien (Erweitert)
- Kovalenzradius (Pyykkö)
- 143 pm
Nummerierungsskalen
- Mendeleev
- 92
Polarisierbarkeit & Dispersion
- Dipolpolarisierbarkeit
- 31 a.u.
- Dipolpolarisierbarkeit (Uns.)
- 4 a.u.
Erweiterte Referenzdaten
Isotopenzerfallsarten (17)
| Isotop | Modus | Intensität |
|---|---|---|
| 284 | SF | 100% |
| 284 | A | — |
| 285 | A | 100% |
| 285 | SF | 20% |
| 286 | A | 59% |
| 286 | SF | 41% |
| 287 | A | 100% |
| 287 | SF | — |
| 288 | A | 100% |
| 288 | SF | — |
Zusätzliche Daten
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
Not Applicable
Referenzen (1)
- [5] Flerovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele114.html
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
Not Applicable
Referenzen (1)
- [5] Flerovium https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele114.html
Referenzen
(8)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements.
This section provides all form of data related to element Flerovium.