Silver (Ag)
transition-metalSolid
প্রমিত পারমাণবিক ওজন
107.8682 uইলেকট্রন বিন্যাস
[Kr] 5s1 4d10গলনাঙ্ক
961.78 °Cস্ফুটনাঙ্ক
2161.85 °Cঘনত্ব
1.0501e+4 kg/m³জারণ অবস্থা
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3তড়িৎঋণাত্মকতা (পাউলিং)
1.93আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (প্রথম)
7.576234 eVআবিষ্কারের বছর
তথ্য নেইপারমাণবিক ব্যাসার্ধ
160 pmবিস্তারিত
Silver is a soft, dense transition metal in group 11, chemically related to copper and gold but more reactive than gold. It is the best elemental conductor of electricity and heat at ordinary temperatures and has exceptional optical reflectivity when freshly polished. In nature it occurs as native metal and in sulfide, sulfosalt, chloride, and telluride minerals, commonly associated with lead, zinc, copper, and gold ores.
Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloys of silver are important.
The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon seofor and siolfur, which is of unknown origin. The symbol Ag derives from the Latin argentum and Sanskrit argunas from "bright". Silver was known in prehistoric times.
Archaeological evidence suggests that people have been using silver for at least 5000 years. Silver can be obtained from pure deposits, from silver ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl), and in conjunction with deposits of ores containing lead, gold or copper.
The Latin word for silver is argentum. Silver has been known since ancient times. It is mentioned in Genesis. Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C.
Pure silver is a bright white, highly lustrous metal with a clean metallic sheen. It is malleable and ductile, and it takes a very high polish. In air it does not oxidize rapidly, but exposed surfaces darken by tarnishing, mainly through reaction with sulfur compounds.
Silver is used in electrical contacts, conductive pastes, solders, brazing alloys, and high-reliability connectors because of its conductivity and workability. It remains important in jewelry, tableware, coinage, and decorative objects, usually as alloys to improve hardness. Silver mirrors and coatings serve optical applications. Silver halides were central to photographic film and paper, though that use has declined. Silver compounds and silver-containing surfaces are also used where controlled antimicrobial action is desired.
Silver and silver compounds have many uses. Pure silver is the best conductor of heat and electricity of all known metals, so it is sometimes used in making solder, electrical contacts and printed circuit boards. Silver is also the best reflector of visible light known, but silver mirrors must be given a protective coating to prevent them from tarnishing. Silver has also been used to create coins, although today other metals are typically used in its place. Sterling silver, an alloy containing 92.5% silver, is used to make silverware, jewelry and other decorative items. High capacity batteries can be made with silver and zinc and silver and cadmium. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) is light sensitive and is used to make photographic films and papers. Silver iodide (AgI) is used to seed clouds to produce rain.
Sterling silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal. Silver is of the utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application. It is used for dental alloys. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver-zinc and silver-cadmium batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. It is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrode position, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnished and loses much of its reflectance. It is a poor reflector of ultraviolet. Silver fulminate, a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography. Silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world. In recent times, however, consumption of silver has greatly exceeded the output.
Isotopes in Earth/Planetary Science
The measurement of relative amounts of 107Ag and 109Ag is used to study the processes responsible for the isotopic fractionation of silver isotopes in ore deposits, which depends on the specific minerals and environmental conditions. This is currently an area of active research and it is thought that the relative amounts of the isotopes of silver are altered during the formation of the ore [351] Y. Luo, E. Dabek-Zlotorzynska, V. Celo, D. C. Muir, L. Yang. Anal. Chem.82, 3922 (2010)., [352] A. V. Chugaev, I. V. Chernyshev. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta Suppl.73, A225 (2009)..
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Silver isotope-amount ratiosn(107Ag)/n(109Ag) along with isotope-amount ratios of copper n(65Cu)/n(63Cu), and isotope-amount ratios of lead (n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb) and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb)) have been used to determine origins of European coins and information on the flow of goods in the world market over time (Fig. IUPAC.47.1). Metals from Peru and Mexico and those from European mining have distinct isotopic signatures that enable the origin of the metal to be determined by examining the isotopic compositions of silver, copper, and lead in the coins. Abundant silver sources, mined in Mexico and Peru in the 16 th century, were used to mint coins, but they were not a major influence in the European coin market until the 18 th century (Fig. IUPAC.47.1) [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011)..
Isotopes in Geochronology
The amount ratio n(107Pd)/n(107Ag) is used in geochronology to date major events in the Solar System [344] W. R. Kelly, G. J. Wasserburg. Geophys. Res. Lett.5 1079 (1978)., [345] G. J. Wasserburg, D. A. Papanastassiou. Some Short-Lived Nuclides in the Early Solar-System – A Connection with the Placental ISM, in Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics, C. A. Barnes, D. D. Clayton, and D. N. Schramm. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1982)., [346] J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg. Live 107Pd in the Early Solar System and Implications on Planetary Evolution, in Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code, Geophysical Monograph 95, A. Basu and S. Hart. Amer. Geophys. U., Washington (1996)., [347] J. H. Chen, G. J. Wasserburg. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta54, 1729 (1990)., [348] A. P. Dicken. Radiogenic Isotope Geology, Cambridge University Press, New York (1995)., [353] G. J. Wasserburg. “Short-lived nuclei in the early solar-system”, in Protostars and Planets, D. C. Black, M. S. Matthews (Eds.), Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA (1985).. Although 107Ag is naturally occurring, it is also the daughter product by beta decay of 107Pd. If both excess 107Ag and 107Pd are present in a sample of extraterrestrial origin, then the material would have formed sometime after 107Pd decayed (i.e. sometime after the 6.5-million-year half-life of 107Pd). The n(107Pd)/n(107Ag) amount ratio can be measured to help determine when the 107Pd decay process began and determine how much time has elapsed since the material was formed.
Isotopes in Industry
107Ag is being studied as a possible target for cyclotron production of 103Pd (with a half-life of 17 days) via the 107Ag (p, α n) 103Pd reaction. 103Pd releases X-rays and Auger electrons at the rate of about 80 X-rays and 186 Auger electrons per 100 decays of 103Pd, which makes this isotope an ideal candidate for internal radiotherapy for the treatment of cancers. The production of this isotope in a no-carrier form (not formed in another solution) is important for its medical uses. By using neutrons, photons, and charged particles to force reactions with isotopes of a higher mass number than 103, 103Pd will occur in a fraction of those reactions. The most common methods of 103Pd production use targets of rhodium or other isotopes of palladium. However, 107Ag has also been studied as a feasible option [349] M. Hussain, S. Sudar, M. N. Aslam, H. A. Shah, R. Ahmad, A. A. Malik, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67, 1842 (2009)., [354] F. G. Perey. Phys. Rev. Lett.131, 745 (1963).. 109Ag is used to produce the gamma reference source 110mAg to help calibrate gamma detectors [349] M. Hussain, S. Sudar, M. N. Aslam, H. A. Shah, R. Ahmad, A. A. Malik, S. M. Qaim. Appl. Radiat. Isot.67, 1842 (2009)., [354] F. G. Perey. Phys. Rev. Lett.131, 745 (1963)..
Silver chemistry is dominated by the +1 oxidation state, with Ag⁺ forming many salts and coordination complexes. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃) is a common soluble reagent and precursor for other silver compounds. Silver chloride (AgCl), silver bromide (AgBr), and silver iodide (AgI) are sparingly soluble, light-sensitive halides that underpinned traditional photography. Silver sulfide (Ag₂S) is the principal tarnish product and an important natural mineral. Higher oxidation states such as +2 and +3 exist in specialized compounds, usually with strong oxidizing ligands or solid-state structures.
See more information at the Silver compound page.
Massive metallic silver has low acute toxicity, but dusts, soluble salts, and fine particles require careful handling. Chronic intake of bioavailable silver compounds can cause argyria, a persistent gray-blue discoloration of skin and other tissues. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃) is corrosive and stains skin and organic materials. Some silver compounds are toxic to aquatic organisms. Molten silver presents ordinary burn and metal-fume hazards in foundry or refining work.
While silver itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Exposure to silver (metal and soluble compounds, as Ag) in air should not exceed 0.01 mg/m3, (8-hour time-weighted average - 40 hour week). Silver compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body. A condition, known as argyria, results with a grayish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Silver has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals.
Silver is a trace element in soils, sediments, natural waters, and living organisms, with no established essential biological role in humans. In the environment Ag⁺ is strongly complexed or immobilized by sulfide, chloride, organic matter, and mineral surfaces. Mining, smelting, photography wastes, electronics, and some antimicrobial products can add silver to waste streams. In anoxic sediments, formation of silver sulfide (Ag₂S) greatly reduces mobility and bioavailability.
Silver is produced both from primary silver mines and, very often, as a by-product of lead, zinc, copper, and gold mining. Supply therefore depends partly on the economics of other base and precious metals. Demand is split among industrial uses, jewelry and silverware, investment products, and smaller specialty applications. Recycling is important from photographic materials, jewelry, electronics, and industrial scrap, but recovery is uneven when silver is widely dispersed in small devices or coatings. Its price is volatile because it is both an industrial metal and a precious metal.
Silver occurs natively and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere.
Silver is far less abundant cosmically than lighter metals such as iron or magnesium. Its stable isotopes, ¹⁰⁷Ag and ¹⁰⁹Ag, are made mainly by neutron-capture processes in earlier generations of stars, including slow and rapid neutron-capture pathways. In planetary materials it behaves as a chalcophile and moderately siderophile element, concentrating in sulfide phases and metallic portions more than in silicate minerals.
- Silver has the highest electrical conductivity of any element.
- Sterling silver is usually 92.5% silver, with copper as the main hardening metal.
- Fresh silver mirrors reflect visible light very well but tarnish in sulfur-rich air.
- Silver halides darken because light can reduce Ag⁺ to metallic silver.
- Most mined silver is not obtained from mines worked only for silver.
- Native silver can form wires, plates, and dendritic crystals in some deposits.
ছবি
ধর্ম
ভৌত
- পারমাণবিক ব্যাসার্ধ (পরীক্ষালব্ধ)
- 160 pm সব মৌলের পারমাণবিক ব্যাসার্ধ (পরীক্ষালব্ধ) তুলনা করুন →
- সমযোজী ব্যাসার্ধ
- 145 pm সব মৌলের সমযোজী ব্যাসার্ধ তুলনা করুন →
- ভ্যান ডার ওয়ালস ব্যাসার্ধ
- 172 pm সব মৌলের ভ্যান ডার ওয়ালস ব্যাসার্ধ তুলনা করুন →
- ধাতব ব্যাসার্ধ
- 134 pm সব মৌলের ধাতব ব্যাসার্ধ তুলনা করুন →
- ঘনত্ব
- 1.0501 × 104 kg/m³ সব মৌলের ঘনত্ব তুলনা করুন →
- মোলার আয়তন
- 0.0103 L/mol
- STP-তে দশা
- কঠিন সব মৌলের STP-তে দশা তুলনা করুন →
- গলনাঙ্ক
- 961.78 °C সব মৌলের গলনাঙ্ক তুলনা করুন →
- স্ফুটনাঙ্ক
- 2161.85 °C সব মৌলের স্ফুটনাঙ্ক তুলনা করুন →
- তাপ পরিবাহিতা
- 429 W/(m·K) সব মৌলের তাপ পরিবাহিতা তুলনা করুন →
- আপেক্ষিক তাপধারণ ক্ষমতা
- 0.235 J/(g·K) সব মৌলের আপেক্ষিক তাপধারণ ক্ষমতা তুলনা করুন →
- মোলার তাপধারণ ক্ষমতা
- 25.35 J/(mol·K) সব মৌলের মোলার তাপধারণ ক্ষমতা তুলনা করুন →
- স্ফটিক গঠন
- তলকেন্দ্রিক ঘনকীয় সব মৌলের স্ফটিক গঠন তুলনা করুন →
রাসায়নিক
- তড়িৎঋণাত্মকতা (পাউলিং)
- 1.93 সব মৌলের তড়িৎঋণাত্মকতা (পাউলিং) তুলনা করুন →
- তড়িৎঋণাত্মকতা (অ্যালেন)
- 1.87
- ইলেকট্রন আসক্তি
- 1.302 eV
- আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (প্রথম)
- 7.576234 eV সব মৌলের আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (প্রথম) তুলনা করুন →
- আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (দ্বিতীয়)
- 21.484474 eV সব মৌলের আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (দ্বিতীয়) তুলনা করুন →
- আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (তৃতীয়)
- 34.80012 eV সব মৌলের আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (তৃতীয়) তুলনা করুন →
- আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (চতুর্থ)
- 49.000169 eV সব মৌলের আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (চতুর্থ) তুলনা করুন →
- আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (পঞ্চম)
- 65.000224 eV সব মৌলের আয়নীকরণ শক্তি (পঞ্চম) তুলনা করুন →
- জারণ অবস্থা
- −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3 সব মৌলের জারণ অবস্থা তুলনা করুন →
- যোজ্যতা ইলেকট্রন
- 11 সব মৌলের যোজ্যতা ইলেকট্রন তুলনা করুন →
- ইলেকট্রন বিন্যাস
- [Kr] 5s1 4d10
তাপগতীয়
- সংকট বিন্দু (তাপমাত্রা)
- 6137 °C
- গলন তাপ
- 0.11690936 eV সব মৌলের গলন তাপ তুলনা করুন →
- বাষ্পীভবন তাপ
- 2.597295 eV সব মৌলের বাষ্পীভবন তাপ তুলনা করুন →
- ঊর্ধ্বপাতন তাপ
- 2.952791 eV
- পরমাণুকরণ তাপ
- 2.952791 eV
- পরমাণুকরণ এনথালপি
- 2.952791 eV
নিউক্লীয়
- প্রোটন
- 47 সব মৌলের প্রোটন তুলনা করুন →
- নিউট্রন
- 60 সব মৌলের নিউট্রন তুলনা করুন →
- পরিচিত আইসোটোপ
- 42 সব মৌলের পরিচিত আইসোটোপ তুলনা করুন →
- স্থিতিশীল আইসোটোপ
- 2 সব মৌলের স্থিতিশীল আইসোটোপ তুলনা করুন →
- সবচেয়ে স্থিতিশীল আইসোটোপ
- Ag-107
প্রাচুর্য
- প্রাচুর্য (ভূত্বক)
- 0.075 mg/kg সব মৌলের প্রাচুর্য (ভূত্বক) তুলনা করুন →
- প্রাচুর্য (মহাসাগর)
- 4 × 10−5 mg/L সব মৌলের প্রাচুর্য (মহাসাগর) তুলনা করুন →
স্ফটিক গঠন
- জালক ধ্রুবক a
- 409 pm
ইলেকট্রনীয় গঠন
- প্রতি শক্তিস্তরে ইলেকট্রন
- 2, 8, 18, 18, 1 সব মৌলের প্রতি শক্তিস্তরে ইলেকট্রন তুলনা করুন →
শনাক্তকারী
- CAS নম্বর
- 7440-22-4 সব মৌলের CAS নম্বর তুলনা করুন →
- টার্ম প্রতীক
- 2S1/2
- InChI
- InChI=1S/Ag
- InChI Key
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
ইলেকট্রন বিন্যাস পরিমাপকৃত
Ag: 4d¹⁰ 5s¹[Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s¹পারমাণবিক মডেল
আইসোটোপভেদে নিউট্রনের সংখ্যা, ভর ও স্থিতিশীলতা পরিবর্তিত হয় — নিরপেক্ষ পরমাণুর ইলেকট্রন বিন্যাস নয়।
পারমাণবিক মডেলের রূপরেখা, প্রকৃত অনুপাতে নয়।
পারমাণবিক স্বতন্ত্র পরিচয়চিহ্ন
নিঃসরণ / শোষণ বর্ণালি
আইসোটোপের বণ্টন
| ভরসংখ্যা | পারমাণবিক ভর (u) | প্রাকৃতিক প্রাচুর্য | অর্ধায়ু |
|---|---|---|---|
| 107 স্থিতিশীল | ১০৬.৯০৫০৯১৬ ± ০.০০০০০২৬ | 51.8390% | স্থিতিশীল |
| 109 স্থিতিশীল | ১০৮.৯০৪৭৫৫৩ ± ০.০০০০০১৪ | 48.1610% | স্থিতিশীল |
দশা / অবস্থা
কারণ: গলনাঙ্কের (961.78 °C) চেয়ে 936.8 °C কম
রূপরেখামূলক, প্রকৃত অনুপাতে নয়
দশান্তর বিন্দু
দশান্তর শক্তি
গলনাঙ্কে 1 mol গলাতে প্রয়োজনীয় শক্তি
স্ফুটনাঙ্কে 1 mol বাষ্পীভূত করতে প্রয়োজনীয় শক্তি
ঊর্ধ্বপাতনাঙ্কে 1 mol ঊর্ধ্বপাতিত করতে প্রয়োজনীয় শক্তি
ঘনত্ব
প্রমিত শর্তে
প্রমিত শর্তে
উন্নত
পারমাণবিক বর্ণালি
47টির মধ্যে 10টি দেখানো হচ্ছে। আয়নের আধান অনুযায়ী সাজানো (ঊর্ধ্বক্রমে)।
সংরক্ষিত বর্ণালিরেখার তথ্য ?
| আয়ন | আধান | মোট রেখা | অবস্থান্তরের সম্ভাবনা | স্তরের নির্দেশক |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ag I | 0 | 103 | 7 | 97 |
| Ag II | +1 | 455 | 237 | 455 |
| Ag III | +2 | 140 | 0 | 0 |
সংরক্ষিত শক্তিস্তর তথ্য ?
| আয়ন | আধান | স্তর |
|---|---|---|
| Ag I | 0 | 107 |
| Ag II | +1 | 100 |
| Ag III | +2 | 64 |
| Ag IV | +3 | 2 |
| Ag V | +4 | 2 |
| Ag VI | +5 | 2 |
| Ag VII | +6 | 2 |
| Ag VIII | +7 | 2 |
| Ag IX | +8 | 2 |
| Ag X | +9 | 2 |
আয়নিক ব্যাসার্ধ
11টির মধ্যে 10টি দেখানো হচ্ছে।
| আধান | সমন্বয় | স্পিন | ব্যাসার্ধ |
|---|---|---|---|
| +1 | 2 | তথ্য নেই | 67 pm |
| +1 | 4 | তথ্য নেই | 100 pm |
| +1 | 4 | তথ্য নেই | 102 pm |
| +1 | 5 | তথ্য নেই | 109.00000000000001 pm |
| +1 | 6 | তথ্য নেই | 114.99999999999999 pm |
| +1 | 7 | তথ্য নেই | 122 pm |
| +1 | 8 | তথ্য নেই | 128 pm |
| +2 | 4 | তথ্য নেই | 79 pm |
| +2 | 6 | তথ্য নেই | 94 pm |
| +3 | 4 | তথ্য নেই | 67 pm |
যৌগ
আইসোটোপ (2)
| ভরসংখ্যা | পারমাণবিক ভর (u) | প্রাকৃতিক প্রাচুর্য | অর্ধায়ু | ক্ষয়প্রণালি | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 107 স্থিতিশীল | ১০৬.৯০৫০৯১৬ ± ০.০০০০০২৬ | 51.8390% ± 0.0080% | স্থিতিশীল | stable | |
| 109 স্থিতিশীল | ১০৮.৯০৪৭৫৫৩ ± ০.০০০০০১৪ | 48.1610% ± 0.0080% | স্থিতিশীল | stable |
বর্ণালিরেখা
125টির মধ্যে 50টি দেখানো হচ্ছে। ডিফল্টভাবে কেবল পরিমাপকৃত তীব্রতাযুক্ত বর্ণালিরেখা দেখানো হয়।
| তরঙ্গদৈর্ঘ্য (nm) | তীব্রতা | আয়নীকরণ পর্যায় | ধরন | অবস্থান্তর | নির্ভুলতা | উৎস | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 562.2482 nm | 21000 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 540.01037 nm | 20000 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 540.31323 nm | 15000 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[11/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 555.19264 nm | 12000 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 548.81562 nm | 8300 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 558.97829 nm | 4200 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 534.00267 nm | 2900 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 554.32121 nm | 2700 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] → 4d8.(3F).5s.5p.(3P*) 1F* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 557.96782 nm | 2400 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 549.38302 nm | 2300 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 555.81412 nm | 2300 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[5/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 557.38257 nm | 2300 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 542.40509 nm | 2200 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 541.08117 nm | 1800 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 514.28157 nm | 1700 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[1/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 558.84183 nm | 1700 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[7/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 536.27883 nm | 1600 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 539.24682 nm | 1500 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[5/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 547.86589 nm | 1500 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[1/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 533.25049 nm | 1300 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[7/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 531.24574 nm | 1200 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[9/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[9/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 520.9078 nm | 1000 | Ag I | emission | 4d10.5p 2P* → 4d10.5d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 546.54853 nm | 1000 | Ag I | emission | 4d10.5p 2P* → 4d10.5d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 441.196 nm | 830 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 541.19338 nm | 740 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[3/2] → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).4f 2[3/2]* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 513.72469 nm | 720 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5d 2[1/2] → 4d8.(3F).5s.5p.(3P*) 1D* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 421.09542 nm | 700 | Ag I | emission | 4d10.5p 2P* → 4d10.6d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 431.959 nm | 630 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 443.063 nm | 580 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).8s 2[3/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 408.59155 nm | 470 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1G | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 449.492 nm | 410 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 453.041 nm | 410 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 405.5475 nm | 400 | Ag I | emission | 4d10.5p 2P* → 4d10.6d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 431.354 nm | 290 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).8s 2[3/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 436.409 nm | 290 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6p 2[1/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).8s 2[3/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 444.917 nm | 290 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).6p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).8s 2[3/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 478.83966 nm | 260 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 418.547499 nm | 250 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 723.9381 nm | 250 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6s 2[5/2] → 4d8.(3F).5s.5p.(3P*) 5G* | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 398.51904 nm | 220 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d8.5s2 3P | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 433.316 nm | 210 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[7/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 447.909 nm | 210 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[3/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 451.558 nm | 210 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).6p 2[5/2]* → 4d9.(2D<5/2>).8s 2[5/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 381.09396 nm | 200 | Ag I | emission | 4d10.5p 2P* → 4d10.7d 2D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 699.906 nm | 200 | Ag II | emission | 4d8.(3F).5s.5p.(3P*) 5D* → 4d9.(2D<3/2>).7s 2[3/2] | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 392.01238 nm | 180 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d8.5s2 3P | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 462.00355 nm | 170 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 394.9435 nm | 160 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d8.5s2 3P | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 502.73432 nm | 160 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<3/2>).5p 2[3/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST | |
| 390.930327 nm | 140 | Ag II | emission | 4d9.(2D<5/2>).5p 2[5/2]* → 4d8.5s2 1D | পরিমাপকৃত | NIST |
বিস্তৃত ধর্ম
সমযোজী ব্যাসার্ধ (বিস্তৃত)
- সমযোজী ব্যাসার্ধ (পিউক্কো)
- 128 pm
- সমযোজী ব্যাসার্ধ (পিউক্কো, দ্বিবন্ধন)
- 139 pm
- সমযোজী ব্যাসার্ধ (পিউক্কো, ত্রিবন্ধন)
- 137 pm
- সমযোজী ব্যাসার্ধ (ব্র্যাগ)
- 177 pm
ভ্যান ডার ওয়ালস ব্যাসার্ধ
- Batsanov
- 210 pm
- Alvarez
- 253 pm
- UFF
- 314.8 pm
- MM3
- 243 pm
পারমাণবিক ও ধাতব ব্যাসার্ধ
- পারমাণবিক ব্যাসার্ধ (রাম)
- 225 pm
- ধাতব ব্যাসার্ধ (C12)
- 144 pm
সংখ্যায়ন স্কেল
- Mendeleev
- 72
- Pettifor
- 71
- Glawe
- 67
তড়িৎঋণাত্মকতার স্কেল
- Ghosh
- 0
- Miedema
- 4
- Gunnarsson–Lundqvist
- 4
- Robles–Bartolotti
- 3
মেরুকরণযোগ্যতা ও বিচ্ছুরণ
- দ্বিমেরু মেরুকরণযোগ্যতা
- 55 a.u.
- দ্বিমেরু মেরুকরণযোগ্যতা (অনিশ্চয়তা)
- 8 a.u.
- C₆ (Gould–Bučko)
- 341 Ha·Bohr6
মিডেমা পরামিতি
- মিডেমা মোলার আয়তন
- 10.25 cm3/mol
- মিডেমা ইলেকট্রন ঘনত্ব
- 3
সরবরাহের ঝুঁকি ও অর্থনীতি
- উৎপাদনের কেন্দ্রীভবন
- 19
- আপেক্ষিক সরবরাহের ঝুঁকি
- 6
- মজুতের বণ্টন
- 23
- রাজনৈতিক স্থিতিশীলতা (শীর্ষ উৎপাদক)
- 23
- রাজনৈতিক স্থিতিশীলতা (সর্বাধিক মজুতধারী)
- 20
দশান্তর ও রূপভেদ
| গলনাঙ্ক | 1234.93 K |
| স্ফুটনাঙ্ক | 2435.15 K |
| সংকট বিন্দু (তাপমাত্রা) | 6410.15 K |
জারণ অবস্থার শ্রেণি
উন্নত তথ্যসূত্রের উপাত্ত
আচ্ছাদন ধ্রুবক (10)
| n | অরবিটাল | σ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | s | 0.9577 |
| 2 | p | 4.0806 |
| 2 | s | 12.3658 |
| 3 | d | 14.4602 |
| 3 | p | 17.1914 |
| 3 | s | 16.9688 |
| 4 | d | 32.2372 |
| 4 | p | 28.4376 |
| 4 | s | 27.1352 |
| 5 | s | 40.2445 |
স্ফটিক ব্যাসার্ধের বিস্তারিত (11)
| আধান | CN | স্পিন | rcrystal (pm) | উৎস |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | II | 81 | ||
| 1 | IV | 114 | calculated, | |
| 1 | IVSQ | 116 | ||
| 1 | V | 123 | calculated, | |
| 1 | VI | 129 | calculated, | |
| 1 | VII | 136 | ||
| 1 | VIII | 142 | ||
| 2 | IVSQ | 93 | ||
| 2 | VI | 108 | ||
| 3 | IVSQ | 81 |
আইসোটোপের ক্ষয়প্রণালি (68)
| আইসোটোপ | মোড | তীব্রতা |
|---|---|---|
| 92 | B+ | — |
| 92 | p | — |
| 93 | p | — |
| 93 | B+ | — |
| 93 | B+p | — |
| 94 | B+ | 100% |
| 94 | B+p | 0.2% |
| 95 | B+ | 100% |
| 95 | B+p | 2.3% |
| 96 | B+ | 100% |
এক্স-রে বিক্ষেপণ গুণক (508)
| শক্তি (eV) | f₁ | f₂ |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | — | 1.18566 |
| 10.1617 | — | 1.22941 |
| 10.3261 | — | 1.27478 |
| 10.4931 | — | 1.32182 |
| 10.6628 | — | 1.38215 |
| 10.8353 | — | 1.45541 |
| 11.0106 | — | 1.53256 |
| 11.1886 | — | 1.61379 |
| 11.3696 | — | 1.69933 |
| 11.5535 | — | 1.78755 |
অতিরিক্ত তথ্য
Estimated Crustal Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's crust.
7.5×10-2 milligrams per kilogram
তথ্যসূত্র (1)
Estimated Oceanic Abundance
The estimated element abundance in the earth's oceans.
4×10-5 milligrams per liter
তথ্যসূত্র (1)
Sources
Sources of this element.
Silver occurs natively and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere.
তথ্যসূত্র (1)
- [6] Silver https://periodic.lanl.gov/47.shtml
Production
Production of this element (from raw materials or other compounds containing the element).
Silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver. Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially.
তথ্যসূত্র (1)
- [6] Silver https://periodic.lanl.gov/47.shtml
Isotopes in Forensic Science and Anthropology
Information on the use of this element's isotopes in forensic science and anthropology.
Silver isotope-amount ratiosn(107Ag)/n(109Ag) along with isotope-amount ratios of copper n(65Cu)/n(63Cu), and isotope-amount ratios of lead (n(206Pb)/n(204Pb), n(207Pb)/n(204Pb) and n(208Pb)/n(204Pb)) have been used to determine origins of European coins and information on the flow of goods in the world market over time (Fig. IUPAC.47.1). Metals from Peru and Mexico and those from European mining have distinct isotopic signatures that enable the origin of the metal to be determined by examining the isotopic compositions of silver, copper, and lead in the coins. Abundant silver sources, mined in Mexico and Peru in the 16 th century, were used to mint coins, but they were not a major influence in the European coin market until the 18 th century (Fig. IUPAC.47.1) [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011)..
তথ্যসূত্র (2)
- [237] A. M. Desaulty, P. Telouk, E. Albalat, F. Albarede. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.108, 9002 (2011).
- [4] IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements and Isotopes (IPTEI) https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703
তথ্যসূত্র
(9)
Data deposited in or computed by PubChem
The half-life and atomic mass data was provided by the Atomic Mass Data Center at the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Element data are cited from the Atomic weights of the elements (an IUPAC Technical Report). The IUPAC periodic table of elements can be found at https://iupac.org/what-we-do/periodic-table-of-elements/. Additional information can be found within IUPAC publication doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0703 Copyright © 2020 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
The information are cited from Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(12): 1833-2092, https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0703.
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab) is one of 17 national laboratories funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The lab's primary mission is to conduct basic research of the atom's nucleus using the lab's unique particle accelerator, known as the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF). For more information visit https://www.jlab.org/
The periodic table at the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) contains basic element information together with the history, source, properties, use, handling and more. The provenance data may be found from the link under the source name.
The periodic table contains NIST's critically-evaluated data on atomic properties of the elements. The provenance data that include data for atomic spectroscopy, X-ray and gamma ray, radiation dosimetry, nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics may be found from the link under the source name. Ref: https://www.nist.gov/pml/atomic-spectra-database
This section provides all form of data related to element Silver.
The element property data was retrieved from publications.